Microbiology Unit 2

Front 1

Death Phase

Back 1

phase in a growth curve where the organisms are dying quicker than being they're being replaced

Front 2

Chemotrophs

Back 2

use organic molecules

Front 3

Essential Nutrients

Back 3

anysubstances that must be provided to an organism; C,H,O,N,P,S & trace elements

Front 4

Facultative

Back 4

capable of but not restricted to a particular function or mode of life

Front 5

Hypertonic

Back 5

higher concentration of solutes than another

Front 6

Hypotonic

Back 6

lower concentration of solutes than another

Front 7

Isotonic

Back 7

same concentration of solutes & water

Front 8

Lag Phase

Back 8

phase in a growth curve where organisms are adjusting to their environment

Front 9

Log Phase

Back 9

phase in a growth curve where population is most actively growing

Front 10

Micronutrient

Back 10

substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms

Front 11

Obligate

Back 11

restricted to a particular function or mode of life

Front 12

Parasite

Back 12

microbe that benefits from host while harming or even killing it

Front 13

Pathogen

Back 13

microorganism capable of causing disease

Front 14

Phototroph

Back 14

photographic organism

Front 15

Saprobe

Back 15

fungus that absorbs nutrients from dead organisms

Front 16

Stationary Phase

Back 16

phase in a growth curve where new organisms are produced at same rate as older organisms that are dying

Front 17

Trace Elements

Back 17

element required in very small amounts for microbial metabolism

Front 18

Aerobic Respiration

Back 18

seriesof reactions that convert glucose to CO2 &allows cell to recover significant amounts of energy; requires oxygen

Front 19

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 19

doesnot use O2 as final electron acceptor

Front 20

Anabolism

Back 20

buildingup oflarger, more complex molecules (synthesis reactions)

Front 21

Amphibolic Reaction

Back 21

reversible metabolic reaction; can be anabolic or catabolic

Front 22

Catabolism

Back 22

breakdown oforganic molecules to materials that cells can use (decomposition reactions)

Front 23

Calvin Cycle

Back 23

stage of photosynthesis where atmospheric CO2 is fixed & reduced to produce glucose

Front 24

Conjugated Enzyme

Back 24

composed of a apoenzyme (protein portion) & one or more nonprotein portions

Front 25

Cofactor

Back 25

inorganic ions/organic molecules that are essential for enzyme action

Front 26

Apoenzyme

Back 26

protein portion of protein enzymes that is inactive unless bound to one or more cofactors

Front 27

Energy of Activation

Back 27

amountof energy which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed

Front 28

Fermentation

Back 28

useonly glycolysis to incompletely oxidize glucose

Front 29

Glycolysis

Back 29

most common pathway of glucose breakdown via respiration & fermentation

Front 30

Holoenzyme

Back 30

combination of apoenzyme & its cofactors

Front 31

Oxidation

Back 31

losing electrons

Front 32

Reduction

Back 32

gaining electrons

Front 33

Codon

Back 33

triplet of mRNA nucleotides that codes for specific amino acids (AAA: lysine)

Front 34

Chromosome

Back 34

molecule of DNA associated with protein

Front 35

Deoxyribose

Back 35

sugar nucleotide of DNA

Front 36

Exon

Back 36

connected coding sequence of mRNA

Front 37

Gene

Back 37

specific sequence of nucleotides that codes for a polypeptide or RNA molecule

Front 38

Genome

Back 38

complete cell DNA sequence

Front 39

Genotype

Back 39

sum total of genes (genetic makeup) of anorganism

Front 40

Helicase

Back 40

binds to DNA at the origin & breaks down the hydrogen bonds untwisting the helix & creating two separate strands (unzipping)

Front 41

Intron

Back 41

noncoding sequence of mRNA that is removed to make functional mRNA

Front 42

Ligase

Back 42

enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond

Front 43

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 43

carries genetic information from DNA to a ribosome

Front 44

Nucleotide

Back 44

monomer of nucleic acid composed of a nucleoside & phosphate

Front 45

Okazaki

Back 45

fragment of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand during DNA replication (discontinuous)

Front 46

Phenotype

Back 46

observable physical traits of an organism which are controlled by genotype

Front 47

Primase

Back 47

synthesizing an RNA primer

Front 48

Protein

Back 48

complex macromolecule consisting of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen & sulfur

Front 49

Purine

Back 49

colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation

Front 50

Pyrimidine

Back 50

building block of nucleic acids

Front 51

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 51

makes up structure of ribosomes with polypeptides

Front 52

Topoisomerase

Back 52

supercoiling & untangling

Front 53

Transcription

Back 53

mastercode of DNA is used to synthesize an RNA molecule (copying)

Front 54

Translation

Back 54

informationin the RNA is used to produce proteins

Front 55

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 55

form of RNA that carries amino acids to ribosome

Front 56

Conjugation

Back 56

direct transfer of DNA (distinct plasmid) from one bacterial cell to another bacterial cell

Front 57

DNA Hybridization

Back 57

measures degree of genetic similarity between pools of DNA sequences to determine the genetic distance between two organisms

Front 58

Induced Mutation

Back 58

deliberately introduced into the genetic material by exposure to UV rays, alpha, beta, gamma, & X radiation, extreme changes in temperature, & certain mutagenic chemicals

Front 59

Frameshift Mutation

Back 59

codons subsequent to an insertion/deletion are displaced, creating new sequences of codons that result in vastly altered polypeptide sequences

Front 60

Northern Blot

Back 60

adaptation of Southern blot procedure used to detect specific sequences of RNA by hybridization with complementary DNA

Front 61

Point Mutation

Back 61

affects only one base pairs & includes substitutions, insertions & deletions

Front 62

Restriction Endonuclease

Back 62

an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases

Front 63

Southern Blot

Back 63

procedure for identifying specific sequences of DNA; fragments separated on a gel are transferred directly to a second medium where detection by hybridization takes place

Front 64

DNA Microarray

Back 64

numerous distinct ssDNA molecules bound to a substrate & used to probe for complementary sequences

Front 65

Transformation

Back 65

horizontal gene transfer where cell takes up DNA from the environment

Front 66

Transduction

Back 66

DNA is transferred horizontally from one cell to another via replicating virus

Front 67

Western Blot

Back 67

adaptation of Southern blot procedure, used to identify specific amino-acid sequences in proteins

Front 68

Wild Type

Back 68

cell normally found in nature: nonmutant

Front 69

Aldehyde

Back 69

high level disinfectant compound containing terminal -CHO groups because it cross-links organic functional groups in proteins & nucleic acids

Front 70

Alcohol

Back 70

intermediate level disinfectant that denatures proteins & disrupts cell membranes

Front 71

Decontamination

Back 71

mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface

Front 72

Disinfection

Back 72

destroysmost microbial life, reducing contamination on inanimate surfaces

Front 73

Antisepsis

Back 73

destroysmost microbial life, reducing contamination on a living surface

Front 74

Dry Heat

Back 74

used for sterilization

Front 75

Ethylene Oxide

Back 75

sterilizing gas

Front 76

Hydrogen Peroxide

Back 76

weak disinfectant

Front 77

Filtration

Back 77

passage of air/liquid through a material that traps & removes microbes

Front 78

Ionizing Radiation

Back 78

wavelengths shorter than 1 nm are energetic enough to create ions by ejecting electrons from atoms

Front 79

Moist Heat

Back 79

autoclave using high water pressure to sterilize

Front 80

Pasteurization

Back 80

use of heat to kill pathogens & reduce number of spoilage microorganisms

Front 81

Sterilization

Back 81

eradication of all organisms except prions