Microbiology Unit 1 Objective

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arrangement

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the manner in which things are arranged

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bacillus

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Members of this genus are Gram-positive, rod-shaped, spore-formers that require oxygen.

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biofilm

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an aggregate of microorganisms in which cells are stuck to each other and/or to a surface.

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chemotaxis

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the phenomenon in which bodily cells, bacteria, and other single-cell or multicellular organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment.

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coccus

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from the Latin coccinus (scarlet) are any microorganism (usually bacteria) whose overall shape is spherical

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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An organic substance that encodes and carries genetic information and is the fundamental element of heredity. The thousands of genes that make up each chromosome are composed of this

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dormant

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inactive as in sleep

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electron transport chain

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when electrons are transported to meet up with oxygen from respiration at the end of the chain

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hypertonic

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having higher osmotic pressure of two solutions

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glycocalyx

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extracellular polymeric material (glycoprotein) produced by some bacteria, epithelia and other cells

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Gram reaction

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named after Christian Gram, who developed the staining protocol in 1884. It may seem a very arbitrary basis on which to build one's classification system. This reaction, however, reveals fundamental differences in the structure of bacteria. Electron microscopy shows that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have fundamentally different structures, related to the composition of the cell wall, amongst other things

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hypotonic

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having the lower osmotic pressure of two solutions

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isotonic

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having the same concentration of solutes

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lipopolysaccharide

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on the outer membrane of a Gram-negative bacterium. LPS consists of 3 major components: the highly variable outer O-antigen segment; a more conserved core, which is divided into outer and inner segments

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morphology

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identification, analysis and description of the structure of words

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organelles

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differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function.

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peptidoglycan

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A polymer found in the cell walls of prokaryotes that consists of polysaccharide and peptide chains in a strong molecular network

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phospholipid

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Any of various phosphorus-containing lipids, such as lecithin and cephalin, that are composed mainly of fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a simple organic molecule

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polyhydroxybutyrate

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a high molecular weight polyester, is accumulated as a storage carbon in many species of bacteria and is a biodegradable thermoplastic

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polysaccharide

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Any of a class of carbohydrates, such as starch and cellulose, consisting of a number of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds

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protein

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also known as polypeptides ) are organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and folded into a globular form

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ribonucleic acid

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is a biologically important type of molecule that consists of a long chain of nucleotide units. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a ribose sugar, and a phosphate.

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solute

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solute is dissolved in another substance, known as a solvent

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spirochete

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belong to a phylum of distinctive Gram-negative bacteria, which have long, helically coiled (spiral-shaped) cells

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Svedburg unit

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non-SI physical unit used for sedimentation coefficients. It characterizes the behaviour of a particle type in sedimentation processes, notably centrifugation. The svedberg is technically a measure of time, and is defined as exactly 10-13 seconds (100 fs).

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tetrad

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the four spores of a yeast or Chlamydomonas , that separate after mating

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vibrio

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is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape. Typically found in saltwater, Vibrio are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores.

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word part

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part of a word

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DNA

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deoxyribonucleic acid

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conservation of energy

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It states that the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant over time

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RNA

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ribonucleic acid

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mRNA

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messenger ribonucleic acid

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rRNA

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ribosomal ribonucleic acid

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tRNA

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transfer ribonucleic acid

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binary fission

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is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotic and some single-celled eukaryotic organisms

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diffusion

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the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentratiion, to areas of low concentration.

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endosymbiosis

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cells are engulfed, but not digested...cells live together is a mutually benefitting relationship, or symbiosis

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osmosis

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Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from a solution

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phagocytosis

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human body uses to destroy dead or foreign cells.

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run and tumble

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they swim straight ("run") until they detect a decrease in nutrient concentration, then they spin around ("tumble") to face a new direction and try again

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sporulation

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the production or release of spores

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transcription

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the synthesis of RNA using a DNA template catalyzed by RNA polymerase; the base sequences of the RNA and DNA are complementary.

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translation

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The process by which mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes effect the production of a protein molecule from amino acids, the specificity of synthesis being controlled by the base sequences of the mRNA

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transport

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movement of materials in biological systems, particularly into and out of cells and across epithelial layers.