Microbiology "unit 1"

Front 1

pathogenic

Back 1

disease-producing

Front 2

germ

Back 2

rapidly growing cell

Front 3

microbes/microorganisms

Back 3

minute living things that are individually usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye

Front 4

photosynthesis

Back 4

food and oxygen-generating process that is critical to life on earth

Front 5

nomenclature

Back 5

Genus, specific epithet

Front 6

defining characteristics:
bacteria

Back 6

-prokaryotic
-peptidoglycan in cell walls

Front 7

prokaryotic

Back 7

genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus/nuclear membrane

Front 8

defining characteristics:
archaea

Back 8

-prokaryotic
-lack peptidoglycan

Front 9

defining characteristics:
fungi

Back 9

-eukaryotes
-unicellular or multicellular

Front 10

defining characteristics:
protozoa

Back 10

-unicellular
-eukaryotic
-move (mobile)

Front 11

defining characteristics:
algae

Back 11

-eukaryotic
-photosynthesis

Front 12

defining characteristics:
viruses

Back 12

-acellular
-inert outside of living hosts

Front 13

defining characteristics:
multicellular animal parasites

Back 13

-eukaryotic
-also depend on a host

Front 14

classification of microorganisms:
three domains

Back 14

based on cellular organization

-bacteria (peptidoglycan)
-archaea (no peptidoglycan)
-eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)

Front 15

eukaryotic

Back 15

have cells with nuclei containing dna

Front 16

cell theory

Back 16

all living things are made up of cells

Front 17

-explain the observations made by hooke

Back 17

looked at a cork through a microscope and found that all living things were made of cells

Front 18

-explain the observations made by leeuwenhoek

Back 18

first observed the microbes in rain, his teeth, and his feces. he had the microscopic technology for it.

Front 19

spontaneous generation

Back 19

the hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter. a "vital force" is necessary.

Front 20

-identify contributions by Needham

Back 20

found that even after he heated nutrient fluids, the cooled solutions contained microbes. he claimed microbes develop spontaneously from the fluids. "vital force" necessary.

Front 21

-identify contributions by Spallanazi

Back 21

nutrient fluids heated after being sealed in a flask did not develop microbes

Front 22

-identify contributions by Virchow

Back 22

concept of biogenesis
(living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells)

Front 23

-identify contributions by Pasteur

Back 23

determined that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not create microbes.

s-necked flasks trapped airborne microbes.

microbes can be oresent on solids, liquids, & air (non-living matter)

basis of aseptic techniques: microbes can be killed by heating & blocking airborne microbes from nutrient environments.

Front 24

biogenesis

Back 24

living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells

Front 25

aseptic techniques

Back 25

prevent contamination by unwanted microbes

Front 26

-identify the importance of Koch's postulates

Back 26

we use Koch's postulates to this day in order to determine the causes of diseases and the effects of bacteria

Front 27

-explain how Pasteur's work influenced Lister & Koch

Back 27

Lister, a surgeon, applied germ theory to surgery. he used phenol (carbolic acid) on surgical wounds to kill the microbes.

Koch discovered anthrax and established experimental steps for directly relating a microbe to a disease.

Front 28

-identify the importance of Jenner

Back 28

created a vaccine for smallpox using the milder illness cowpox

Front 29

fermentation

Back 29

yeast converts sugar to alcohol in the absence of air.

in the presence of air, bacteria turns alcohol into vinegar (acetic acid), which is sour

(pasteur's discovery)

Front 30

pasteurization

Back 30

application of high heat for a short time, to kill bacteria

Front 31

germ theory of disease

Back 31

microbes cause disease in plants and animals like they do to nonliving organic materials.

Front 32

Koch's postulates

Back 32

1. animal dies (observe)
2. culture and identify bacteria (purify sample)
3. inject samples onto healthy animals (test)
4. compare blood cultures and bacteria (confirm)

Front 33

immunity

Back 33

protection from the disease (by vaccination or the disease itself)