Microbiology U4.10.05 Final - Protozoan Diseases

Front 1

Protozoan. Members of this group are ____, eukaryotic organisms within the Kingdom ____

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UNICELLULAR - PROTISTA

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Protozoan. Some members possess an outer protective covering called a ____

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PELLICLE

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Protozoan. Most are aerobic (some in your intestine are ____) ____ & digest their food in membrane bound vacuoles

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ANAEROBIC - HETEROTROPHS

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Protozoan. Most inhabit ____

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WATER

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Protozoan. Under adverse conditions, they may form a protective coat or a ____

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CYST

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Protozoan. How would this be advantageous to a pathogen

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survives adverse conditions or outside host

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Protozoan. They are classified according to their ____

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motility

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Protozoan. ____ amoebas which move through ____ eg amoebic dysentery

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SARCODINA - PSEUDOPODIA

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Protozoan. MASTIGOPHORA have ____ & Possess ____

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FLAGELLA - PELLICLE

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3 examples of mastigophoras

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giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis

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Protozoan. CILIATA have ____

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CILIA

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Protozoan. SPOROZOA or ____ Mature forms & are ____-____ & have a ____ life cycle

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APICOMPLEXA - non-motile - COMPLEX

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2 examples of sporozoa/apicomplexa

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malaria, toxoplasmosis

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Malaria is caused by various species of the Sporozoan ____

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PLASMODIUM

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Malaria. It causes a protozoan disease of the ____ system

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CVS

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Malaria. It is on the increase (a ____ disease)

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RESURGENT

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Malaria. Worldwide (Africa, tropical Asia, Central & South America), it affects __ ____ people annually with __-__ ____ deaths

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300 million - 2-4 million

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Malaria. It was a problem in the U.S. until the ____

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1940S

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Malaria. The organism is carried by an arthropod vector, ____ mainly of the genus ____

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MOSQUITO - ANOPHELES

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Malaria. There are four important species

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P. vivax, P. malariae, P. falciparurn (malignant malaria), P. ovale

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Malaria. The signs & symptoms of the disease are characterized by … (5) ... ESPECIALLY IN THE ____

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PAIN, CHILLS, FEVER, VOMITING, HEADACHES - EVENING

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malaria cycle

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SPOROZOITES Injected by mosquito → Schizogony → MEROZOITES Released into blood → infect RBCs → ring stage → trophozoite stage → Schizogony → develop into sex cells called gametocytes → ZYGOTE in mosquito intestine → OOCYST → Cell division → SPOROZOITES → Cyst rupture → Migration to salivary glands

Front 23

Malaria. The rbcs tend to rupture ____ on a multiple of a 24 hour basis

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REGULARLY

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Malaria. The release of toxic byproducts causes the patient to undergo intense ____ & fever, between paroxysms the patient feels ____ but lacks ____

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CHILLS - BETTER - ENERGY

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Malaria. The timing is important as mosquitoes feed at night so the ____ have to be mature

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gametocytes

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Malaria. Researchers believe that the parasite's clock is determined by the host's ____ ___

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BODY TEMPERATURE

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Malaria. Complications include ____ & excessive enlargement of the ____ & ____

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ANEMIA - liver & spleen

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Malaria. Highest mortality is in ____

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CHILDREN

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Malaria. The gene for ____ ____ ____ allows a host to be resistant to malaria

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SICKLE CELL ANEMIA

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Malaria. Reinfection tends to cause ____ symptoms

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MILDER

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Malaria. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of ____ ____ (ring stage)

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BLOOD SMEAR

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Malaria. Treatment is with ____ & ____ derivatives, but ____ to even the newest drugs is a problem not to mention their prohibitive ____

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chloroquine & quinine - RESISTANCE - COST

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Malaria. best control method is ____ ____

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VECTOR CONTROL

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Malaria. Vaccine

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NONE

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Toxoplasmosis is a ____/____ disease caused by the Sporozoan ____ ____

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BLOOD/LYMPHATIC - TOXOPLASMA GONDII

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Toxoplasmosis. It has a complicated ____ ____ involving many different ____ including cats, rodents, dometic animals & humans

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LIFE CYCLE - HOSTS

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Toxoplasmosis. ____ are shed in cat ____ which can contaminate humans by direct contact (____ BOX or ____) or through food & water which is eaten by man/animals (eg UNCOOKED ____)

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OOCYSTS - FECES - LITTER BOX or PLAYGROUND - BEEF

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Toxoplasmosis. The oocysts contain ____ which invade the host's tissues & mature into ____ inside the cells before rupturing the host cells

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SPOROZOITES - TACHYZOITES

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Toxoplasmosis. Tachyzoites grow & divide very ____ causing a cycle of rupture, release & ____

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FAST - INVASION

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Toxoplasmosis. As the immune system overcomes the parasite, the infected cells develop strong walls to produce a ____ ____

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TISSUE CYST

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Toxoplasmosis. The disease is a common but mild one (30% of the population carry antibodies) unless a woman is ____ in which case the pathogen is able to cross the ____ & can cause convulsions, brain damage, blindness & ____ in the fetus without the mother knowing

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PREGNANT - PLACENTA - DEATH

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Detection is accomplished by ____/IF-AB

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ELISA/IF-AB

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Toxoplasmosis. It ____ (can/can't) be grown in the lab

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can

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Toxoplasmosis. Treatment is ____ in combination with other drugs

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PYRIMETHAMINE

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Giardiasis. This is a disease of the digestive system and is caused by the Mastigophoran ____ ____

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GIARDIA LAMBLIA

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Giardiasis. It is a prolonged diarrheal disease associated with the following signs & symptoms: ____, BAD ____, ____, ____ & ____ LOSS

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NAUSEA, BAD CRAMPS, WEAKNESS, DIARRHEA, & WEIGHT LOSS

Front 47

Giardiasis. It is waterborne & is ingested as resistant ____ by humans & ____ which germinate in the ____ (trophozoites) & attach to the intestinal wall with a ____ ____

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CYSTS - ANIMALS - INTESTINE - SUCKER DISC

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Giardiasis. The organism multiplies until it reaches huge numbers & is shed as ____ in the feces

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CYSTS

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Giardiasis. __% of the population are healthy carriers

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7%

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Giardiasis. Detection is by the ____ TEST (a gelatin capsule containing a STRING is swallowed & unravels to the ____ before being dragged back after a few ____ to the mouth & microscopically examined) or ____ of stools

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STRING TEST - BOWEL - HOURS - ELISA

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Giardiasis. Treatment is with ____

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METRONIDAZOLE

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Amoebiasis. This is a disease of the digestive system & is caused by the Sarcodinan ____ ____

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ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA

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Amoebiasis. It affects one in 10 people worldwide often asymptomatically & is spread by ____ or ____ contaminated by ____

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food or water - CYSTS

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Amoebiasis. __% of the US population are estimated to be carriers

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5%

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Amoebiasis. The vegetative form is killed by stomach ____ but not the ____

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ACID - CYST

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Amoebiasis. The cyst wall is digested releasing the vegetative forn into the ____

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INTESTINE

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Amoebiasis. They grow & multiply in the ____ cells of the wall of the ____ intestine causing ____ & ____ destruction as well as organ ____

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EPITHELIAL - large - BLOOD & tissue - INVASION

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Amoebiasis. Surgery may be necessary to treat ____

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ABSCESSES

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Amoebiasis. The feces contain ____ & ____

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BLOOD & MUCUS

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Amoebiasis. Diagnosis is by recovering pathogens in the feces (____ SMEAR) or ____ ____. or ____/IF-AB antibody tests on the blood

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FECAL - LATEX AGGLUTIN - ELISA

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Amoebiasis. Treatment is usually with ____

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METRONIDAZOLE

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Trichomoniasis. This is a disease of the ____ system & is caused by the Mastigophoran ____ ____

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REPRODUCTIVE - TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS

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Trichomoniasis. It is a frequent & normal inhabitant of the female ____ & the male ____

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VAGINA - URETHRA

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Trichomoniasis. IF the ____ of the vagina is upset, then the protozoan will outpopulate the ____

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pH - normal flora

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Trichomoniasis. It is an STD but males are ____

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SYMPTOMLESS

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Trichomoniasis. Signs & symptoms in the infected woman include ____, INTENSE ____, ____ ____-____ DISCHARGE

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VAGINITIS, INTENSE ITCHING, FOUL GREEN-YELLOW DISCHARGE

Front 67

Trichomoniasis. Diagnosis is by microscopic examination of the greenish yellow discharge or semen or ____ of carriers or by using ____ ____

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URINE - LAB MEDIA

Front 68

Trichomoniasis. It is easily cultured in lab. Treatment is with ____

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METRONIDAZOLE

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Leishmaniasis. This is either a disease of the ____ & head mucus membranes (cutaneous: ____ sore, ____ boil) or a ____ disease of the ____ system and ____ (kala-azar)

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SKIN - Oriental - Bagdhad - SYSTEMIC - LYMPHATIC - LIVER

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Leishmaniasis. It is a ____ caused by Mastigophoran ____ ____ which is spread by ____ ____

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ZOONOSIS - LEISHMANIA SPP. - SAND (PHLEBOTAMINE) FLIES

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Leishmaniasis. Reservoirs include ____, ____ & wild carnivores

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DOGS, RODENTS

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Leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis results in a small, red ____ at the site of the bite which then ____ & can become a disfiguring chronic infection

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PAPULE - ULCERATES

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Leishmaniasis. Infected ____ spread the pathogen ~ systemic

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MACROPHAGES

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Leishmaniasis. Systemic leishmaniasis causes high ____ ____, weight loss, ____ of the spleen, liver & lymph nodes, Kala azar destroys ____ ____ with 75% -95% mortality if untreated

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INTERMITTANT FEVER - ENLARGEMENT - BONE MARROW

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Leishmaniasis. Diagnosis is through detection in ____ or ____

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lesions or bone marrow

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Leishmaniasis. Treatment = pentavalent ____

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ANTIMONY

Front 77

Leishmaniasis. Prevention with ____ control the vector/secondary host

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Insecticides

Front 78

Chagas. This is a disease of the ____ and is caused by ____ ____, a flagellated protozoan

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CVS - Trypanosoma cruz

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Chagas. Occurence is in ____, South ____, Central ____ & southern ____

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Mexico, South America, Central America & southern Texas

Front 80

Chagas. The vector, the ____ BUG is often called the ____ ____ because it bites the patient on the face near the lips

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REDUVIID BUG - kissing bug

Front 81

Chagas. It carries the organism from a reservoir of wild animals (____, ____, ____)

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rodents, opossums, armadillos

Front 82

Chagas. The bug lives in crevices within thatched ____ huts

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mud/stone

Front 83

Chagas. The ____ grow in the gut of the vector which then defecates the trypanosomes onto the ____ at the same time that it feeds on the host

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TRYPANOSOMES - wound

Front 84

Chagas. The parasite is assisted in its invasion when the host scratches the bite & quickly reproduces at the site of infection producing a swollen ____

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lesion

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Chagas. The parasites are carried in the blood to the host's ____ causing ____ & ____

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organs - inflammation & damage

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Chagas. The principal cause of death is damage to the ____ although other organs are severely damaged too including the ____

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HEART - brain

Front 87

Chagas. Diagnosis is by searching ____ ____ for the occasional trypanosome

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blood smears

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Chagas. ____ tests don't work, but ____ uses sterilized reduviids which are allowed to feed on the patient's arm & typanosomes are easily found in the gut 10-20 days later

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Serological - xenodiagnosis

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Chagas. The only treatment method, ____, does not cure the disease, it only reduces numbers in the early stages of the disease.

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Nifurtimox