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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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tinea versicolor common name
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Ringworm - Superficial Mycoses
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tinea versicolor causal agent
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Malassezia furfur (yeast)
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tinea versicolor reservoir & transmission
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normal flora - contact w/ infected humans - animals - soil
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tinea versicolor portals of entry/exit - toxin -virulence factor - area affected
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superfical epidermis
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tinea versicolor signs & symptoms
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mild chronic scaling - mottled, discolored skin pigmentation
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tinea versicolor lab id
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most of the time, diagnosed by common symptoms or characteristics - sufficient microscopic examination & culturing
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tinea versicolor treatment
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topical antifungal agent or oral agent - ointment containing tolnaftate, miconazole, or menthol & camphor (Vicks) - intractable (harder to control) cases treated with griseofulvin & Lamasil
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tinea versicolor prevention
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good hygiene
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tinea versicolor other information
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n/a
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ringworm common name
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ringworm
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ringworm causal agent
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Tinea capitis (scalp) - barbae (beard) - corporis (body) - cruris (groin) - pedis (foot) - manuum (hand) - unguium (nail)
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ringworm reservoir & transmission
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direct contact - fomites - humans - animals - soil
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ringworm portals of entry/exit - toxin -virulence factor - area affected
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body - groin - foot - hand - nail - scalp
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ringworm signs & symptoms
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skin: scaly reddish rings or patches - nail: superficial white patches, thickening, distortion darkening - scalp: scaly patches, kerion - foot: small blisters that burst + crust
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ringworm lab id
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most of the time, diagnosed by common symptoms or characteristics - direct microscopic examination - culturing - long-wave ultraviolet lamp - samples of hair, skin, nail debris treated w heated KOH show a thin branching fungal mycelium if infected
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ringworm treatment
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topical antifungal agent or oral agent - ointment containing tolnaftate, miconazole, or menthol & camphor (Vicks) - intractable (harder to control) cases treated with griseofulvin & Lamasil
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ringworm prevention
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good hygiene
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ringworm other information
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n/a
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candidiasis common name
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yeast infection
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candidiasis causal agent
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Candida albicans Gram +
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candidiasis reservoir & transmission
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normal flora (opportunistic, usually endogenous) - discharge from infected membranes - STD - can be spread through nurseries, surgery, childbirth, sexual contact - nosocomial
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candidiasis portals of entry/exit - toxin -virulence factor - area affected
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genitourinary (GU) tract: vagina - vulva - penis - urethra - systemic
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candidiasis signs & symptoms
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yellow to white discharge - inflammation - painful ulcerations - itching - off-white pasty colony - yeast odor - thrush
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candidiasis lab id
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pap smear - (form elongae pseudohyphae + true hyphae) - pale blue on Trypan medium - Rapid yeast ID system (germ tube test) - sensitive DNA amplification technique - off-white pasty colony
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candidiasis treatment
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topical antifungal agent azoles & polyge - if systemic, Amphotericin B + fluconazole
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candidiasis prevention
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Universal precautions - treatment of partners for prevention of reinfection - other scondary opportunists
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candidiasis causal agent
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virulence factor is low - usually held in check by unimpaird immune system - risk invasion increases w/ extreme youth, pregnancy, drug therapy, immunodeficiency, & trauma - usually endogenous & not contagious - account for 70% of nosocomial fungal infections
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) common name
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Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) causal agent
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Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) reservoir & transmission
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normal flora (opportunistic) - respiratory droplets - spores widespread
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pneumocystis pnuemonia (PCP) portals of entry/exit - toxin -virulence factor - area affected
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lower respiratory tract (RT) - lungs - systemic
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) signs & symptoms
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cough - fever - shallow respiration - cyanosis
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) lab id
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examination of lung secretion + tissue - DNA amplification probe for rapid confirmation
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) treatment
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pentamidine (aerosol) & cotrimoxazole (sulfamethoxazole & trimethoprim) given over 10 day period - suction treatment of airway
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) prevention
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universal precautions - preventative care w/ low immune patients - antiretroviral therapy in AIDS patients
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pneumocystis puemonia (PCP) other information
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is the most opportunistic infection in AIDS patients & elderly - affects people with immune deficiency & malnourishment - differ from most fungi because it lacks ergosterol, has weak cell wall, & is an obligate parasite - usually held in check by lung phagocytes & lymphocytes
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histoplasmosis common name
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Histoplasmosis (Ohio Valley Fever)
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histoplasmosis causal agent
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Histoplasma capsualatum
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histoplasmosis reservoir & transmission
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spores inhaled in dust + soil high in bird guano
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histoplasmosis portals of entry/exit - toxin -virulence factor - area affected
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lower respiratory tract (RT) - lungs - systemic
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histoplasmosis signs & symptoms
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adults: lesions in brain, intestine adrenal glands, heart, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin - aches - pains - coughing - fever - night sweats - weight loss - children: liver + spleen enlargement, anemia, circulatory collapse + death
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histoplasmosis lab id
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isolation & demonstration of dimorphism confirms infection - complement fixation test & immunodiffision serological test to support diagnosis - histoplasmin test (antigens test) only confirms exposure
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histoplasmosis treatment
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systemic chemotherapy for chronic or dessiminated condition - Amphotericin B (disrupt the fungus membrane, daily lV doses for a few days-weeks) - Ketoconazole or other azoles (under some circumstances) - Surgery to remove masses in lungs or other organs
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histoplasmosis prevention
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wear protective masks in dusted areas & avoid soil disruptions
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histoplasmosis other information
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affects people with immune deficiency (AIDS patients) - histoplasmin injection test is not useful for diagnostics because positive test shows exposure + not new infection - highest rate of incidence is eastern & central regions of U.S.
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coccidioidomycosis common name
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Coccidioidomycosis (San Joaquin Valley Fever)
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coccidioidomycosis causal agent
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Coccidioides immitis
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coccidioidomycosis reservoir & transmission
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soil - spores inhaled - skin - air (aerosols) - animals - high carbon & salt habitat
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coccidioidomycosis portals of entry/exit - toxin -virulence factor - area affected
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lower respiratory tract (RT) - lungs - systemic
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coccidioidomycosis signs & symptoms
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fever - chest pain - cough - heasdaches - malaise - nodular lesions in lungs - meningitis, shock - loss of consciousness - acute respiratory distress syndrome
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coccidioidomycosis lab id
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at 25 C forms a moist white brown colony w/ abundant branching, septate hyphate - spherules are found in the sputum, spinal fluid, & biopsies - isolation of typical mycelia spore on Sabouraud's agar - antigens test - skin test on saborands agar - immunodiffusion - latex agglutanation test on serum sample
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coccidioidomycosis treatment
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azole drugs - Disseminated - Amphotericin B (disrupt the fungus membrane, daily lV doses for a few days-weeks)
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coccidioidomycosis prevention
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minimize contact w/ the fungus in its natural habitat - oiling roads & planting vegetation reduce spore aerosols - dusk masks
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coccidioidomycosis other information
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demonstrates the greatest virulence of all mycotic pathogens - highest incidence in south western U.S. - fungomas can cause progressive pulmonary disease which compromises breathing
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