Microbiology Text 2

Front 1

Nonspecific Resistance

Back 1

(Innate, natural)
general protection from any type of pathogen

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Species Resistance

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disease that affects on species will not affect another

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Individual Resistance

Back 3

Age, nutrition, hormones, social-econimic, occupational exposure

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Innate Immunity

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(Nonspecific resistance)
genetically-encoded to recognize

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Cytokines

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chemical signals from immune cells to tissues that initiate acquired immunity

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Acquired Immunity

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(Specific Resistance)
involves production of lymphocytes and specific antibodies

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First Line of Defense Includes?

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Skin
Mucous Membranes
Secretions of Skin and Mucous Mem.

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Second Line of Defense Includes?

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Phagocytic white blood cells
Antimicrobial proteins
The imflammatory response

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The Third Line of Defense Includes?

Back 9

Lymphocytes
Atibodies

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1st Line of defense - skin

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a mechanical barrier
breaches of skin allow microbes to enter blood
if pathogen detected by Langerhans cells -> they phagocytize which induces acquired immune response

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1st line of defense - mucous memb.

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cell produce mucus to trap microbes

the ciliated epithelial line respiratory tract - sweep out particles

Front 12

Bacteria in vagina that reduces pH?

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Lactobacillus
also helps reduces infection

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1st line of defense - stomach

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the low pH in stomach will destroy most pathogens

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Sweat and Sebaceous glands produce what?

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Lactic Acid
Fatty Acids
lysozyme

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Organisms resistant to stomach acid?

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Helicobacter pylori (stomach ulcers)
Hepatitis A virus

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3 Major components of Blood

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fluid
clotting agents
cells

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What is Serum and what does it contain?

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the fluid part of blood
-minerals
-salts
-proteins

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what is plasma and what does it contain?

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the serum that contains clotting agents
-fibrinogen
-prothrombin

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Neutrophil

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(PMN) polymorphonuclear
50-70%
contain granules
they can leave circulatory system and squeeze b/w cells and fight foreign invader

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Eosinophils

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2-4%
red stained granules
release compounds that attack parasites

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Basophil / Mast cell

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<1%
blue stained granules
function in allergic reactions - release histamines

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Monocytes / Macrophage

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2-8%
function is phagocytosis and cytokine secretion

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lympocytes

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20-30%
move to lymph nodes after maturation
produce antitbodies
cytotoxic property
(kill cells)
NK cells - destroy virus infected and abnormal cells

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dendritic cell

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activate lymphocytes
cytokine secretions
found in skin
involved in acquired immunity

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Phagocytosis

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(nonspecific defense)
clear microbes from infected tissues
ingestion of bacteria

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What do RBCs do?

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transport oxygen and help transport CO2

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What to WBCs (leukocytes) do?

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defense and immunity

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What to platelets do?

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blood clotting

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chemokines

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cytokines (chemical signals) that attract macrophages and neutrophils to infected tissues

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opsonins

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(antibodies) attach to microbes to increase ability of phagocytosis to adhere

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What 2 types of cells are phagocytic?

Back 31

-macrophages (monocytes)
-nertorphiles (PMNs)

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phagosome

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acidified, killing or inactivating pathogens
fuse with lysosomes (phagolysosome)
kill and digest pathogen

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defensins

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antimicrobial peptids found in various bodily secretions

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lysozyme

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found in tears, sweat, and saliva, lyses gram positive bacterial cells

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interferions

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cytokines that trigger:
-macrophage activation
-production of substances that interfere with RNA

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Nonspecific defensive response

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by body to an injury in the tissue
mechanical-injury to skin
chemical-acid or bee venom

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Inflamed area characteristics (4)

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-redness from blood accumulation (rubor)
-heat from warmth of blood (calor)
-swelling from accumuation of fluid (tumor)
-pain from injury to local nerves (dolor)

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Fever

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low fever supports immune system
-inhibits rapid microbial growth
-encouraging rapid tissue repair
-heightening phagocytosis

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pryogens

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cytokines produced by:
-leukocytes
-fragments from pathogens

Front 40

complement

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a group of serum proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and aid antibody in destroying bacteria
-activate in presence of microbes

Front 41

specific acquired resistance

Back 41

function of immune systems, which is a diffuse system spread throughtout the body in various organs and tissues
-friend of foe??

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Lymphatic System

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composed of cells and tissues essential to immune function

maintains and distributes lymphocytes

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lymph

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clear fluid surrounding tissue cells and filling intercellular space

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Primary Lymphoid Tissues

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thymus and bone marrow

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Secondary Lymphoid Tissues

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-spleen (contains cells that monitor and fight infectious microbes)
-lymph nodes (contain phagocytes and lymphocytes)

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humoral (antibody) mediated response

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B cell activation - results from the production of antibodies that circulate in the blood and tissue fluids

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Cellular Immunity

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T Cell activation- cell to cell interaction with target tissues or pathogens

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Antigens

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microbes that provoke an immune response

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Antibodies

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specific antigen binding protein (immonoglobulin) secreted by B cells

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immune deficiency

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loss of the body's ability to respond to antigens and epitopes

Front 51

What do T cells prevent?

Back 51

other T cells from attacking self

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What happens when nonimmunogenic molecules (haptens) are linked to proteins?

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they may not be recognized as self
-provoke immune response (allergies)

Front 53

Immunologial memory

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ability to remember past pathogen exposures

Front 54

Acquired Immunity generates what complementary responses?

Back 54

B lymphocytes (B cells)
T lymphocytes (T cells)

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B Lymphocyte (B cell)

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involved in producing antibodies against epitopes

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T lymphocyte (T cell)

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provide resistance through lysis of infected or abnormal cells

Front 57

Epitope recognition requires?

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antibodies to have a special structure of :
-2 identical heavy H chains
-2 identical light L chains

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What to heavy and light chains have?

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-constant region that determines the location and functional class of the antibody
-a variable region that contains different amino acids for the many antibodies produced

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What are the 5 Immunoglobulin Classes?

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-IgM
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE
-IgD

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IgM

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the first (short lived) Ig to appear in circulation after B cell stimulation

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IgG

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(gamma globulin) is the major circulating antibody
-provide immunity to fetus in newborn
-provide long term resistance

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IgA

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provides resistance in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts
-found in colostrum
-in body secretions

Front 63

IgE

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plays a role in allergic reactions

Front 64

IgD

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is a cell surface receptor on B Cells (activate B cells)

Front 65

primary antibody response

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occurs the first time the body encounters a pathogen

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secondary antibody response

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more powerful and sustained
-occurs when infection in a previous infection

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Viral inhibition

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antibodies react with molecules at the viral surface and prevent the virial attachment to cells

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Neutralization

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antibodies called antitoxins combine with toxins thereby neutralizing them and prevent toxin attachment to cells

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Opsonization

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antibodies (called opsonins) coat bacterial cells preventing bacterial attachment to cells

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agglutination

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antibodies combine with antigens on the cell surface and bind the cells together or restrict movement (clumping)

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Precipitation

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antibodies combine with dissolved antigens to from lattice-like arrangements that precipitate our of solution

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phagocytosis

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form bridge between antigen and receptor sites on the phagocyte

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Cytotoxic T Cell

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have T cell receptors (TCRs) and -CD8 coreceptor proteins (attack cells with foreign antigens on their surface

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Helper T Cell

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have TDRs and
-CD4 corecptor proteins (help in both antibody and cellular mediated responses to foreign antigens

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Interleukins 1 and 2

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non antibody products secreted by cells and they aid in the communication between the different types of white cells

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What do TCRs and corecptors allow?

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allow T cells to recognize and bind to the major histocompatibility complex (MCH)

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MCH proteins

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unique for nearly all individuals (mark body as self)

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Class II MCH proteins

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on the surface of immune cells present antigen fragments to Helper T cells (called antigen-presenting cells - APCs)

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Class I MCH proteins

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found on the surface of nearly all the body's cells

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NK cells (Natural Killer)

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type of lymphocyte sometimes call a large granular lymphocyte
-important first line of defense especially agains tumors and virus infected cells
-called natural killers b/c they don not need to recognize a specific antigen before moving into action
-recoginze and kill abnormal cells
-formed in bone marrow and move to tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
-when activated they produce cytokines that trigger response by macrophages and other cells
-then move into blood and lymph where they kill cancer and virus infected cells
-when recogines a cell as nonself it release cytotoxic perforins and granzymes

Front 81

When does active immunity occur?

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when the bodys immune system responds to antigens by producing antibodies and lymphocytes

Front 82

Naturally Acquired active Immunity

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follow illness or pathogen exposure

Front 83

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Back 83

occurs through vaccination

Front 84

Vaccines contain what?

Back 84

altered microbes, toxins, parts of microbes
-primary immune response occurs
-memory cells are formed
-the person does not usually become ill

Front 85

Live, attenuated vaccines

Back 85

contain weakened microbes that multiply at only low levels, inducing a strong immune response

Front 86

Inactivated vaccines

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contain killed pathogens which induce a weaker immune response

Front 87

Toxoid vaccines

Back 87

contain inactivated toxins (toxoids)

Front 88

Subunit vaccines

Back 88

contain only those parts of the antigens that stimulate a strong immune response

Front 89

Conjugate vaccines

Back 89

created by attaching bacterial capsule polysaccharides to a toxoid

Front 90

DNA vaccines

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depend on the ability of some cells to take up and translate foreign DNA or that display the resulting proteins inducing a strong immune response

Front 91

Recombinant vector vaccines

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involve DNA incorporated into an attenuated pathogen (the pathogen takes the DNA into the cells -viral vectors- or incorporate the DNA and present antigens - bacterial vector)

Front 92

Negatives to Vaccines

Back 92

-reaction to vaccines
-ppl with egg allergies should not take flu vaccination

Front 93

Microbiota

Back 93

microbes that reside in the body without causing disease

Front 94

Mutualism

Back 94

both host and microbe benefit

Front 95

Commensalism

Back 95

microbe benefits and host is unaffected

Front 96

Parasitism

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pathogens cause damage and disease in the host

Front 97

Pathogenicity

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refers to a microbes ability to enter a host and cause disease (virulence is the degree of pathogenicity)

Front 98

Pathogenicity Islands

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gene clusters responsible for virulence (highly infective)

Front 99

Exogenous Infection

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occurs if a pathogen breaches the hosts external defense and enters sterile tissue

Front 100

Endogenous Infeciton

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occurs if normal microbiota enter sterile tissue

Front 101

Opportunistic Infections

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occur when commensals take advantage of a change in the bodys environment that favors the microbe

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Primary Infections

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occur in otherwise healthy bodies

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Secondary Infection

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occur in a body weakened by a primary infection

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Local Disease

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are restricted to a single area

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Systemic Disease

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disseminate to organs and systems

Front 106

Mixed Infections

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are caused by two or more organisms

Front 107

Latent Infections

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are one held in check by the body but may spread when resistance is reduced q

Front 108

Establishment of Infection and Disease (5 Stages)

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Incubation period
prodromal phase
acme period (climax)
period of decline
period of convalescence

Front 109

Incubation Period

Back 109

the time between entry of the microbe and symptom appearance

Front 110

Prodromal Phase

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time of mild signs or symptoms

Front 111

Period of Decline

Back 111

signs and symptoms subside

Front 112

Period of Convalescence

Back 112

body systems are returning to normal

Front 113

Acute Disease

Back 113

develop rapidly, cause severe symptoms and fade quickly

Front 114

Chronic Disease

Back 114

linger for long periods of time, and are slower to develop and recede

Front 115

Portal of Entry

Back 115

the route an exogenous pathogen uses to enter the body

Front 116

Infectious Dose

Back 116

the number of microbes entering the body

Front 117

How does a microbe invade?

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1) infectious dose penetrates hosts barrier
2) enters sterile environment
3) move to target tissue
4) cause tissue damage causing disease
5) leave to infect new host

Front 118

Invasiveness

Back 118

ability of a pathogen to penetrate tissues and spread

Front 119

Phagocytosis

Back 119

ingestion of bacteria

Front 120

What can help pathogens resist body defenses?

Back 120

Enzymes

Front 121

coagulase

Back 121

produced by staphlococci, to form a blood clot that protects them from phagocytosis

Front 122

streptokinase

Back 122

dissolves fibrin clots and allows dissemination of the bacteria

Front 123

Hyalurondase

Back 123

enhances pathogen penetration through tissues

Front 124

Leukocidins

Back 124

disintegrate neutrophils and macrophages

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Hemolysins

Back 125

dissolve red blood cells

Front 126

Toxigenicity

Back 126

the ability of pathogens to produce toxins

Front 127

Toxemia

Back 127

presence of toxins in the blood

Front 128

Exotoxins

Back 128

proteins produced during bacterial metabolism

Front 129

Neurotoxins

Back 129

act on the nervous system

Front 130

Enterotoxins

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act on the gastorintesional tract

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Antitoxins

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produce by the host body and neutralize toxins

Front 132

Endotoxins

Back 132

released upon disintegration of gram negative cells (they cause blood coagulation)

Front 133

Endotoxin shock

Back 133

occurs with antibiotic treatment of diseases caused by gram-negative bacilli

Front 134

portal of exit

Back 134

where pathogens and toxins leave the host
-coughing/sneezing
-open lesion
-urine
-feces
-insect bite
-blood

Front 135

Communicable Diseases

Back 135

contagious (transmittable among hosts in a population)

Front 136

Noncommunicable Diseases

Back 136

not easily transmitted to another host (acquired directly form environment)

Front 137

Direct contact

Back 137

close or personal contact with infected person

Front 138

Indirect contact

Back 138

involve fomites

Front 139

Reserviors

Back 139

ecological niches where microbes live and reproduce

Front 140

Carriers

Back 140

recovered form the disease but continue to shed the disease

Front 141

Endemic disease

Back 141

habitually present in a low level in a certain geographic area

Front 142

Epidemic Disease

Back 142

occurs in a region of excess of what is normally found in that population

Front 143

outbreak

Back 143

more contained epidemic

Front 144

pandemic

Back 144

worldwide epidemic

Front 145

Nosocomial Infections

Back 145

serious health threats within a health care system

Front 146

Globalization

Back 146

disease emerging anywhere in the world can be spread globally

Front 147

Zoonoses

Back 147

diseases transmitted from other vertebrae animals to humans