Microbiology Test #4 (Immunology)

Front 1

Immune response to innocuous materials

Back 1

Allergy (asthma)

Front 2

Anti-self immunity

Back 2

Autoimmunity (M.S)

Front 3

immune responses to transplaned tissue

Back 3

Graft rejection

Front 4

defects in immune responses

Back 4

immunodeficiency

Front 5

treatment of immune diseases

Back 5

immunosuppression

Front 6

immunotherperutic interventions

Back 6

immunoregulation

Front 7

all the mechanisms used by the body as protection against envieomental agents that are foreign

Back 7

Immune system

Front 8

All the foreign enviornmental agents including microbes such as bacteria, viruses and fungi are collectively called

Back 8

Antigens

Front 9

True/False All foreign environmental agents are antigens.

Back 9

False. There is a size restriction and it must elicit some immune response.

Front 10

1st line of defense (non-specific immunity)

Back 10

Any structures, chemicals or processes that PREVENT pathogens'ENTRANCE to the body. (skin and mucous membraneS)

Front 11

The skin is the 1st line of defense but it defends by two major layers. What is one and its fxn.

Back 11

1.) Epidermis
-few pathogens can penetrate
-shedding removes attached pathogens.

- Specifically epidermal dendritic cells can PHAGOCYTIZE pathogens

Front 12

The skin is the 1st line of defense but it defends by two major layers. What is one and its fxn.

Back 12

Dermis
-contains collagen (giving skin strength to avoid open wounds and therefore portals)

Front 13

The skin provides both chemical and physical components of defense what are its 2 main chemical defeneses

Back 13

1.) Sweat
- salt inhibits growth
-Lysozyme- destroys cell wall

2.) Sebum (sebaceous glands)
-skin less likely to tear
- lowers pH= inhbit growth

Front 14

The skin provides both chemical and physical components of defense what are its 2 main chemical defeneses

Back 14

1.) Sweat
- salt inhibits growth
-Lysozyme- destroys cell wall

2.) Sebum (sebaceous glands)
-skin less likely to tear
- lowers pH= inhbit growth

Front 15

The mucous membrane is part of the __________ line of defense. It lines ALL body cavities and consists of ____ distinct layers.

Back 15

1st line of defense;
2 layers

-epithelial: thin outer layer. ALL ALIVE! continously sheds.

Front 16

Microbial Antagonism is also part of the first 1st line of defense

Back 16

normal microbiota help protect the body by competing with potential pathogens.
-Normal flora secrete antimicriobial substances.
-Stimulate second line
-provide host with vitamins

Front 17

other first-line defense

Back 17

lacrimal glands- bathe the eye and salt inhibits growth

Front 18

The second line of defense against pathogens includes components of...

Back 18

blood

Front 19

Blood components
-Plasma
-Serum
-Formed elements

Back 19

-Plasma: Mostly water contains elecrolytes, dissolved gasses and proteins
-Serum: plasma - clotting factor
-formed elements: cells and fragments in plasma.

In other words plasma is seperated into serum and formed elements

Front 20

3 forms of formed elememts are (recall formed elements are cellular structures suspended in plasma)

Back 20

1.) erythrocytes- (RBC) Carry oxygen ad Carbon dioxide in the blood.
2.) Platlets- blood clotting
3.) Leukocytes- involved in defending the body against invaders. (2 kinds)

Front 21

Leukocytes (white blood cells) can be broken down into 2 groups. what are they and how are they distinguished.

Back 21

1.) Granulocytes

2.) Agranulocytes

by the prescense of granules.

Front 22

the 3 types of granulocytes all stain differently. How?

Back 22

Basophils- Stain under basic conditions (blue)
Eosinophils- Stain red under acidic conditions.
Neutrophils- stain under neutral conditions (lilac)

Front 23

recall: What are the three types of granulocytes?

Of the three which can phagocytize cells (nonspecific)?

Back 23

Eosino"phils" Baso"phils" Neutro"phils".

Neutrophils and Eosinophils CAN phagocytize.

Front 24

Besides phagocytosis what else are basophils not capable of that both eosinophils and neutrophils are?

Back 24

they can leave blood vessels. (Very important)

Front 25

Agranulocytes are broken into two types

Back 25

lymphocytes and monocytes

Front 26

Agranulocytes are mostly involved in which aspect of the immune system?

Back 26

Specific immunity.

Front 27

Lymphocytes are

Back 27

Agraunolcytes that are involved in specific immunity (B cells and T cells)

Front 28

Monocytes are

Back 28

A type of agranulocyte that leaves the blood to mature into a MACROPHAGE.

Front 29

Monocytes, Eosinophils and Neutrophils all can leave the blood system and phagocytize throughout the body a process called

Back 29

diapedesis

Front 30

Macrophages are made from ________. They can either be ___________ or _________.

Back 30

Monocytes.
they can either be mobile or fixed

Front 31

Fixed macrophages commonly reside in organs such as

Back 31

lung, liver or in the nervous system

Front 32

Lab Analysis of leukocytes

-increased eosinophils indicates

Back 32

Allergies or parasitic worm infection

Front 33

lab analysis of leukocytes

-increase in leukocytes and neutrophils

Back 33

bacterial disease

Front 34

lab analysis of leukocytes

- increase in lymphocytes (realize these are agranulocytes)

Back 34

Viral infections

Front 35

the second line of defense is responsible for all of the following

Back 35

-Phagocytosis
-extracellular killing (diapedesis)
-nonspecific chemical defense
-inflammation
-fever

Front 36

How are host cells safe from their own phagocytes

Back 36

-Phagocytes attack cells with some characteristic on bacterial surface (flagella or cell wall component)

Front 37

Opsonins

Back 37

such as compliment and antibodies provide signal to the phagocyte (not host).

Front 38

Extracellular killing is different from phagocytosis. Only two leukocytes engage in E.C killing they are...

Back 38

Eosinophils (granulocyte) and Natural killer cells (lymphocytes-agranulocytes)

Front 39

Eosinophils kill by extracellular killing. Normally they defend against.... by...

Back 39

Parasitic helminths (worms)by secreting a toxin. therefore when eosinophils count goes up parasitic infection is probable.

Front 40

Natural killer lymphocytes kill by extracellular killing. Particularly they defend against... by....

Back 40

Viral infections by secreting toxins on to the surface of the virus or TUMOR.

Front 41

Nonspecific CHEMICAL (not cellular) defenses

(4 of importance)

Back 41

-Lysozyme
-Complement
-Interferon
-Defensins (?)

Front 42

Complement activation results in...

Back 42

lysis of the foreign cell.

Front 43

What is the MAJOR benefit of Complement system

Back 43

It is already naturally present in the blood (does not have to be made).

Front 44

There are two ways to ACTIVATE complement (since it is already present in the blood) they are...

Back 44

Classic pathway= Antibody-Antigen complex

Alternate pathway= Non antibody-antigen complex

*MUST BE ACTIVATED*

Front 45

Protein molecules released by host cells to NONSPECIFICALLY inhibit the spread of VIRAL infections

Back 45

Interferons

Front 46

Interferons are particularly effective against...

Back 46

VIRUSES with genomes of RNA.

Front 47

NONSPECIFIC response to tissue damage resulting from various causes

Back 47

Inflammation

Front 48

Inflammation causes 4 signs and symptoms they are...

Back 48

Pain, redness, heat and swelling.

Front 49

There are two types of inflamation. Which is beneficial and which is harmful? why?

Back 49

Acute inflammation- is good. it causes vasodilation and gets more repair cells to the site quicker.

Chronic inflammation- is bad it can actually cause MORE tissue damage than already present.

Front 50

when chemicals called PYROGENS trigger the hypothalamus to increase the body's core temperature

Back 50

Fever

Front 51

Pyrogens the chemicals that cause fevers come in various types including

Back 51

-Bacterial toxins
-Cytoplasmic contents of bacteria caused by lysis
-Antibody-antigen complexes (as in complement)
- Interleukin-I

Front 52

How EXACTLY is fever produced...

Back 52

Interleukin (or other pyrogens) cause the hypohalamus to secrete PROSTOGLANDIN which resets the hypothalamus' thermostat.

Front 53

Why do we feel COLD when we have a fever?

Back 53

Because fever is accomplished by vasoconstriction of the blood vessels thus the body's core temperature goes up, but the perimeter has less blood volume (rendering it cold).

Front 54

What are the benefits of fever?

Back 54

-enhance the effects of interferons and phagocytes
-Inhibits microbial growth

Front 55

REVIEW: what are the benefits (5) and disadvantages (3) of the immune system?

Back 55

1.) kills bactera
2.) kills cells infected with viruses or bacteria
3.)destroys viruses
4.)destroys toxins
5.)destroys cancerous cells

1.)allergies
2.)rejects transplated tissue
3.)sometimes mistakenly attacks itself (autoimmune)

Front 56

What are 2 MAJOR funcitons of Macrophages?
(recall these are specialized monocytes (agranulocytes))

Back 56

engulf bacteria and protozoa.

1.) Present ANTIGENS
2.) Produce CYTOKINES.

Front 57

How do macrophages kill pathogens.

Back 57

1.) engulf: the macrophage engulfs bacteria (phagosome).

2.) Digestion w/ lysomsomal enzymes.

3.) generation of oxidizing agents (peroxide) (phagolysosome)

Front 58

Lysosomal enzymes (4)

Back 58

1.) lysozyme-sugars
2.) proteases
3.) lipases
4.)nucleases

Front 59

What causes phagocytic failure?

Back 59

chemicals produced by the pathogen...

1.) Carotenoids- stops lysosome activity
2.) leukocidins-kill macrophages (causing pus)
3.) capsules- inhibits recognition and phagocytosis.

Front 60

The UNIQUE 2 organisms that can become part of macrophages and inhibit fusion with lysosomes are

Back 60

TB and Salmonella

Front 61

The third line of defense is

Back 61

specific immunity

Front 62

the third line of defense is referred to as a "smart" system. what does that mean?

Back 62

it has memory. Memory B cells make antibodies so that the body fights off infection easily the 2nd time.

Front 63

What is an antigen?

Back 63

A molecule that triggers a SPECIFIC immune response.

Front 64

What are ome examples of structures that cause immune response in the human body?

Back 64

Bacterial: cell walls, capsules, pilli, flagella

Viral, protozoan and fungal proteins.

Front 65

Antibody structure: it is made of _________ polypeptide ___________ of which are identical they are known as the _________ or _______ chains. F(ab) is the _______________ fragment also known as an ____________. while the base of the antibody is F (___).

Back 65

four polypeptides
two of which are identical
heavy chain
light chain
antigen recognition site
epitope
Fc

Front 66

All ANTIBODIES for the SAME ANTIGEN have what common characteristic?

Back 66

Fab- all have the same antigen recognition site (epitope).

Front 67

The lymphatic system screens tissues for foreign antigens. what are the two classes of the system.

Back 67

1 (primary)- Thymus and Bone marrow (T cells and B cells)

2 (secondary organs)lymphnode, spleen, tonsils, appendix

Front 68

History of blood cells (differentiation)

Back 68

All blood cells begin in the bone marrow before differentiation (stem cells). To differentiate some migrate to the thymus and become T cells. others remain and become b cells.

Front 69

Lymph cells originate from ___________ .

Back 69

Stem cells

Front 70

As a secondary organ of the lymphatic system, the spleen does wnat

Back 70

filters all foreign matter from the blood (bacteria, viral, toxins)

Front 71

Along with the spleen are the tonsils and MALT which stands for _________ and dungtion to?

Back 71

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue. MALT includes the appendix and Peyer's patch (walls of small intestine). These physically trap particles and microbes.

Front 72

Facts about B cells

differentiate in ________
Found mostly in __________
very few found ____________
Major function ____________

Back 72

Red bone marrow
Secondary organs
circulating in the blood
Secrete antibodies (some however do not secrete A.B)

Front 73

Antibodies also called ___________ are secreted by __________ specifically which type __________.

Back 73

Immunoglobulins
B cells
Plasma cells (cells that are actively fighting antigens)

Front 74

Antibodies' epitopes bind to antigens with what bonds?

Back 74

noncovalent; hydrogen bond

Front 75

Antibody function (5)

Back 75

Activate complement- to make cells leaky

Stimulate inflammation

Agglutination- Aggregates cells

Neutralization- ppt the pathogen

OpsonizatioN- coding the pathogen to be more readily engulfed.

Front 76

5 classes of antibodies

Back 76

IgM- 1st to respond
IgA- secretions
IgG- main antibody
IgE- fights parasites/alergin
IgD

Front 77

BCR- B cell receptor

Back 77

receptors on the cytoplasmic membrane that recognize and tag antigens. Antigens must not be too small.

Front 78

BCR- B cell receptors and specificity.

Back 78

Each BCR is complimentary to only ONE antigenic determinatnt

Front 79

T lymphocytes were produced from __________ in __________ and differentiated in _________. Their function is to act against (3 classes) of antigens.

Back 79

Bone marrow stem cells
thymus
endogenous invaders, INTRAcellulat pathogens, abnormal body cells (cancerous cells).

Front 80

There are three types of T-lymphocytes they are

Back 80

1.) Cytotoxic T cells
2.) T helper 1 cells
3.) T helper 2 cells

Front 81

Cytotoxic T cells are distinguished by what glycoprotein

Back 81

CD-8

Front 82

Cytotoxic cells serve one function: to kill certain cells. What cells do they kill?

Back 82

1.) intracellular pathogenic cells
2.) abnormal cancerous cells.

Front 83

Helper T cells are distinguishable from Cytotoxic cells in that their cell surface has what glycoprotein?

Back 83

CD-4

Front 84

What are the main 2 fxns of Helper T cells?

Back 84

1.) To regulate the activities of B cells and Cytotoxic T cells
2.) secrete soluble protein messengers called cytokines.

Front 85

Soluble regulatory proteins that act as intercellular signals when released from certain body cells (T-Helper cells)

Back 85

Cytokines

Front 86

3 Types of Cytokines are

Back 86

Interleukins- signal among leukocytes

Interferons- antiviral proteins

Tumor necrosis factors- secreted by macrophages and T cells to kill tumor cells.

Front 87

How is it that the antibodies (secreted by plasma cells) know not to attack host cells?

Back 87

Clonal deletion theory- early in life the body "edits" lymphocytes to eliminate any self-reactive antibodies.

Front 88

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Back 88

Important in determining self from non self cells. they function to hold a piece of antigen so T cell can attack.

Front 89

Two classes of MHC

Back 89

Class 1: self molecule

Class 2: non-self molecule

Front 90

There are two ways for antigen processing. What are they? why do they occur? what is different?

Back 90

T cell independent and T cell dependent

When the antigen is too small T cell is needed. if the antigen is readily accesible (large) B cells can bind directly to make antibodies.

Front 91

Recall that antigens can be processed in one of two ways T-dependent and T-independent. How does this occur?

Back 91

APC (Antigen presenting cell) internalizes the pathogen and digests it. Then the MHC II antigen (non-self) is presented on the cytoplasmic membrane.

Front 92

A humoral immune response is mounted against what type of pathogen?

Back 92

Exogenous (Extracellular)

Front 93

B cells make up two classes they are

Back 93

Plasma cells and memory b cells

Front 94

Plasma cells are

Back 94

Short lived cells that secrete antibodies.

Front 95

memory b cells, unlike plasma cells are

Back 95

long lived and DO NOT produce antibodies. Are avialable to initiate antibody production if the same antigen is encountered again.