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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain how antibiotics interfere with the normal metabolism of micro-organisms?
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1) By working in an analogous fashion (similar, but not the same)
2) Substitute a chemical organism needs with one that prevents the organism from continuing, destroys the function of organelles. |
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Describe the difficulties that may result from the use of chemotherapy and why is it not generally used for prevention of disease?
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*Creates side effects (nausea, appetite loss, weight loss, vomitting, diarrhea, hair loss).
*Compromises/weakens the immune system. *Addiction/dependency *Develope resistance *Allergic reaction *Can be lethal (death of host). |
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Cite examples of the use of chemotherapy in prevention.
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*Fluoride in toothpaste
*Chlorine in water *Vitamins *Antibacterial soap *Aspirin *Tums *Antioxidants in red wine *Cranberry juice for urinary health *Antibiotics given pre-surgery *Birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy *Folic Acid (before pregnancy) *Iron for blood *Quinine |
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Antibiotic effect: two categroizations of antibacterial antibiotics:
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Broad Spectrum: an antibiotic with activity against a wide range of disease causing bacteria, such as gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Narrow Spectrum: effective against only specific types/families of bacteria. |
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Antibiotic? Can have these effects?
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Chemical produced by microorganism which has capacity to inhibit growth of other microorganisms.
1. Attack cell wall-lose cohesion 2. Attack nucleus-lose functionality 3. Attack RNA-lose ability to reproduce 4. Attack cytoplasm-lose functionality Antibiotics get into microbe and disrupts normal cellular metabolic functions of cell. |
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Just know, these are some choices ;)
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*Non-specific measures: rest, fluids, chicken soup, etc.
*ABC: antibiotic of choice *PBH: personal body hygeine |
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Systemic disease
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Systemic diseases are diseases that effect the entire body, rather than a single organ or body part. Systemic diseases such as influenza or meningococcal miingitis can affect the entire body. Causative agent can enter thru one system and do damage to others.
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Systems
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Alimentary system concerns food, nourishment, and the organs of digestions.
Integumentary system is an external covering of the body, comprising the skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucous). |
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Epidemiolgy
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Endemic: the constant but relatively high presence of a disease in a certain geographic area or population group. (tuberculosis, malaria and HIV).
Epidemic: the rapid spread of a disease in a specific area or among a certain population group (black death/bubonic plague). Pandemic: a worldwide epidemic; an epidemic occuring over a wide geographic area and effecting a large number of people. (cholera, various historical influenzas) |
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BACTERIAL INFECTIONS BY INHALATION:
Upper Respiratory Infections: *epiglottis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tonsilitis, sinusitus, otitis media. |
CA: streptocuccus group A, haemophilus influenzae type B.
Sym: inflammation, congestion, cough, pain, labored breathing, mucous drainage. Treat: ABC and NS Resevoir: mostly humans Trans: endogeous (self-induced), inanimate objects, airborne. Prev: Hib vaccine (2/4/6 and 15-18 months) |
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Pneumococcal Pneumonia:
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CA: Streptococcal Pneumoniae
Sym: fever, chest pain, dyspnea, cough with blood in sputum. Treat: ABC Res: Human Trans: endogenous (self induced) , inanimate objects, airborne. Prev: Pneumovax vaccine (usually given in one dose); proper care of previous Upper Respiratory Infection. |
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Other Bacterial Pneumonia:
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CA: Streptococcus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae type B
Sym: same as above; add in acute lobar pneumonia (affects the alveolar spaces of the lobe more than bronchioles). Bronchopneumonia affects teh bronchioles more than alveoli (less serious than acute). Treat: ABC Res: Human. Trans: endogenous, inanimate objects, airborne. Prev: Hib vaccine (2/4/6 & 15-18 months); proper care of prior respiratory infections. |
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Meningococcal Meningitis (epidemic meningitis): Enters through the respiratory tract, moves to the skin and nervous system.
*this is the most severe form* |
CA: Neisseria meningitis
Sym: sudden fever, headache, stiff neck, rash, vomitting; starts as URI. Treat: ABC Res: Human Trans: direct contact, asymptomatic carriers. Prev: Meningococcal vaccine (usually one dose). |
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Secondary Bacterial Meningitis:
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CA: haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pyogenes.
Sym: same as above Treat: ABC Res: Human Prev: Hib vaccin (2/4/6 & 15-18 months), PBH. |
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Streptococcal Sore Throat & Scarlet Fever (secondary to strep throat): Left untreated becomes systemic (secondary); Rheumatic Fever-heart, Glomerulonephritis-kidney, Erythema Nodosum-red rash, Flesh Eating Bacteria
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CA: streptococus pyogenes
Sym: localized edema, fever, reddening, lesions (white dots) on throat an palette. Treat: ABC Res: Human Trans: fomites, droplets Prev: isolation, antisera & antibiotics, prompt therapy of initial strep. *Carditis (swollen heart muscle) & Polyarthritis (inflammation of the large joints). Hematuria (red blood cells in urine) & albuminuria (protein in urine). Painful, tender lumps commonly on fron of legs below knees. |
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Whooping Cough (Pertussis):
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CA: Bordetella pertussis
Sym: excessive production of mucous, violent cough ending with involuntary whoop for breath, eyes with broken blood vessels. Treat: ABC Res: Human Trans: fomites, droplets, direct contact Prev: killed vaccine, part of DPT; isolation. |
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Diptheria:
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CA: Corynebacterium diptheriae
Sym: fibrous mucous build-up that can lead to asphyxiation, bullneck. Treat: ABC Res: Human Trans: fomites, droplets, carriers, direct contact. Prev: DPT toxoid (2/4/6 & 15-18 months), strict isolation. |
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Tuberculosis:
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CA: mycobacterium tuberculosis
Sym: blood in sputum, shows up on a chest x-ray, fever, fatigue, weight loss. Treat: ABC, bed rest and surgery Res: human, cattle, deer Trans: fomites, droplets, milk and meat from infected cows. Prev: BCG vaccine, TB skin test, pasteurized milk, herd testing. |
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VIRAL INFECTIONS BY INHALATION
Influenzae Types A, B and C: systemic |
CA: virus
Sym: fever, chills, malaise, nausea/vommiting, muscle aches, weight loss; mjr complication is secondary bacterial infection. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: fomitesm, airborne droplets, direct contact Prev: vaccine, isolation. |
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Common Cold: systemic
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CA: virus
Sym: coughing, sneezing, congestion, headache. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: fomites, direct contact, airborne droplets. Prev: PBH |
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Mumps: systemic
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CA: virus
Sym: fever, pain, swelling of parotid gland & scrotum. Treat: NS & gamma globulin may lower sterility risk. Res: fomites, urine droplets. Prev: MMR vaccine at 15-18 mos and 5/6 yrs old. |
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Measles (Rubeola): known as red or hard measles; most easily transmitted of all diseases.
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CA: virus
Sym: starts with cold symptoms, photosensitive, red rash wi/i 3-4 days starting on face then down the integumentary system. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: fomites, droplets; long contagious period can lead to secondary infection. Prev: MMR vaccine at 15-18 mos and 5/6 yrs . |
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German Measles (Rubella): systemic; known as three day measles.
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CA: virus
Sym: mimics cold, 1-2 mild fever, swollen lymph nodes, rash starts on face and travels down trunk, lasting 3 days. Less severe with children,m adults can have permanent joint soreness. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: fomites, droplets, congenital A(if contracted in utero, fetus can develop sensory disabilities, mental retardation or death). Prev: MMR vaccine @ 15-18 mos & 5/6 yrs old. |
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Chicken Pox (Varicella): systemic
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CA: virus (herpes related)
Sym: malaise, fever, itchy individual lesions/blisters that crust as they heal; start on trunk and spread to all body parts. Treat: NS; oatmeal bath, socks on hands, calamine lotion. Res: Human Trans: fomites, direct contact, droplets. Prev: Varivax vaccine (1 doze), isolation from pregnant women |
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Shingles (Zoster): systemic; chronic disease
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CA: virus (same as chicken pox)
Sym: painful rash, effects dorsal nerve of skin, only appears in patches ih affected areas on one side of the body or the other, usually adults over 40 with childhood chickenpox. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: fomites, droplets, direct contact; adult w/ shingles may affect children who may develop chickenpox and children w/ chickenpox may affect adults who may develop shingles. Prev: Zostavax vaccine (1 dose), isolation if accessible to pregnant female since congenital varicella is fatal gamma globulin. |
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Mononucleosis:
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CA: virus
Sym: fever, sore throat, severe fatigue, swollen glands, measles-like rash, occassional liver dysfunction w/ jaundice, enlarged spleen. Treat: NS Res: Human Trans: appears to be direct contact, congential. Prev: NS |
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Smallpox:
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Fever, rash and chills.
First infectious disease to be eradicated. Polio will likely be the second disease to be eradicated. |
