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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy |
The classification of living forms |
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Nomenclature |
Kingdom System that was originonally set up |
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Order of the kingdom System |
Domain - Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Strains |
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Morphology Features |
Rods, Cocci Spirals Endospore Staining |
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Biochemical Tests |
enzyme activity: lactose fermentation Lipase Catalyses Oxidase Gelatinase |
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Serology |
The study of blood |
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Phage typing |
Virus Killing bateria highly host specific identify bacteria strains and origin |
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Base Composisiton |
Closely related species have closely related DNA Different base sequences are different in different genera |
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Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
Extension of base composition Ability of DNA strands from different organisms to combine Similarity, relatedness and how they will mix if they are closely related |
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Amino Acid Sequence |
Extension of base composition the more similar the protein, the greater the similarity of species |
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Spiral and Curved Bacteria Class Spirochaetes |
Motile by axial filaments
no flagella Don't form endospores Multiple oxygen levels are possible neither gram + or - |
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Spiral and curved bacteria Class Epsilonproteobacteria |
Have flagella for motility EX. Camphylobacter spirillum |
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Gram - Anerobic Rods and Cocci Class Gammaproteobacteria |
Example: Pseudomonas
hospital infections live in test tubes causes infections in Wounds, burns Causes meningitis and UTIs Very adaptive and resistant to antibodies Motile Some are book aerobic and anaerobic Example: Francisella Many shapes Complex media to survive will not survive on a nutrient agar Example: F. tularensis causes tularemia |
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Gram - Anerobic Rods and Cocci Class Alphaproteabacteria |
Example: Brucella Non motile Coccobacillus Causes undulant fever Obligate parasite, must feed on something that is living |
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Obligate Parasite |
Must feed on something that is living |
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Gram - Facultatively Anaerobe Rods order entrobacteriales: Enteric |
Lives in your intestinal tract most will ferment carbohydrates some are motile, some are nonmotile make bacteriocins may produce sex pili |
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Gram - Facultatively Anaerobe Order Vibrionales |
example: Vibrio Motile with polar flagella Causes chlorea |
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Gram - Facultatively Anaerobe Order Aeromonas |
Example: Aeromonas Causes intestinal disorders and wound infections |
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Gram - Facultatively Anaerobe Order Pasteurellaceae |
Example: Haemophilus Arch Formation V, X factors are diagnostic Form satalite colonies are Staph in blood agar cultures H. Influenza - causes meningitis |
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Gram (-) Anaerobic Bacteria |
Ex. Bacteroides Causes peritonitis because of wounds and punctures. Fusobacterium Has pointed ends Cause dental abscesses. |
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Gram (-) Cocci and Coccobacilli |
Ex. Neisseria Diplococci (always occurs in pairs) Is oxidase + (possesses the enzyme oxidase-purple colored) Non-spore forming (diagnostic) N. gonorrhoeae- causes gonorrhea N. meningitides- causes bacterial meningitis Moraxella - Egg shaped Causes conjunctivitis (pink eye) |
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Gram (+) Cocci |
Ex. Staphylococcus Catalase positive (diagnostic) Causes skin, infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, meningitis. Produce toxins, some produce coagulase pathogens. |
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Endospore forming rods |
Bacillus Aerobic Catalase + B. anthracis large bacteria Clostridium Obligate anaerobe Catalase - ex. C. tetani causes tetanus C. botulinum causes food poisoning C. perfringens causes gas gangrene |
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Actinomycete and Related Microorganisms |
Corynebactirum + Mycobacterium Nocardia Actinomyces Streptomyces |
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Mycology |
The Study of fungi |
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Heterotrophic |
Can't make its own food, eats by absorption |
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Characteristics of a Fungus |
Heterotrophic Eukaryotic Multicellular except for yeast Are Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic |
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Hyphae |
Branching network or body |
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Seperated hyphae |
Hyphae are seperated inside by cross walls |
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Coenocytic Hyphae |
Hyphae are not seperated inside by cross walls |
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Mycelium |
A mass of intertwined and elongated hyphae |
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Yeast |
Unicellular Reproduce by budding Reform with or without oxygen |
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Reproductive Structures |
Asexual Spores Sexual - Less frequent |
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Medically Important Fungi |
1. Zygomycota - Pneumonia 2. Ascomycota 3. Basidiomycota - Mushrooms |
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Deuteromycota |
Imperfect Fungus Those that have yet to be placed in a group Most medically important |
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Fungal Diseases |
Systemic Mycosis - Deep within the body, not contagious Subcutaneous Mycoses - Beneath the skin that enter through a puncture wound Cutaneous Mycoses - AKA Dermatophytes - Only infect the epidermis and nails Superficial Mycoses - Localized along hair shafts and in superficial epidermal cells |
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Viruses |
Obligatory intracellular parasites, they must live within living cell |
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Virion |
baby virus |
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Virus Host Range |
Viruses as a whole have a wide variety of hosts they can infect but most individual viruses can only infect specific cells of a specific species |
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Viral Size |
Smaller than bacteria - less than .2 micrometers
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Viral Structure |
Nucleic acids encapsulated by a capsid |
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Viroid |
Naked virus RNA - Without capsid |
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Virus Shapes |
Helical Capsid - Long slender rod Icosohedral Capsid - Space ship Complex - T Shape |
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Lytic Cycle |
Adsorption to death Sequence of events in viral multiplication Previously Described as the death of a cell |
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Lysogeny |
In the lysogenic phase viral DNA is incorperated into the hosts DNA and is the optimum time to reproduce. |
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Provirus |
Viral DNA that is integrated onto the host Cells DNA |
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Latent Viral INfection |
The virus remains in the host for a a long period before releasing |
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Slow Viral Infection |
There is a long period before symptoms appear |
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Inclusion Bodies |
Used for Diagnosis |
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Polykaryocyte |
Type of CPE |
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Interferon |
Produced by infected cells to protect neighboring cells |
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Viruses and Cancer |
A tumor is a group of cells multiplying without control Those that are cancerous are called malignant |
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Metastasis |
Spreading of cancer to various parts of the body |
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Oncogenic Virus |
ANy virus capable of producing tumors Incorperated in the DNA Some CHemical and Physical Agents may cause cancer Tumor cells contain antigens |
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Chromosomal Abnormalities |
Example - Herpes |
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Non Specific Defenses |
Skin Hair Mucous pH Inflammatory Response Interferon |
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Immune System |
Specific Defense Resistance to disease by production of specific antibodies |
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Two major parts of the immune system |
Humoral Immunity - Antibodies in the blood plasma and lymph are produced by lymphocytes Cellular immunity - Dependent on lymphocytes |
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Various Types of being exposed |
Natural - directly exposed to the pathogen Artificial - Exposed artificially - ex. vaccination Active - Antibodies you make Passive - you are exposed by antibodies already present |
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6 types of immunity |
Native - Born with immunity, present at birth Acquired - obtained after birth Naturally acquired active immunity - Response to antigens - Lifelong immunity for something like chicken pox Naturally acquired passive immunity - transfer of humoral antibodies from a donor to a successful recipient (mother to fetus) Artificially Aquired active immunity - Artificial immune response due to vaccination Artifically Aquired passive immunity - ttransfer of antibody from person to person. |
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Antigens |
Are chemical substances that cause production of specific antibodies (immunogenicity) |
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Hapten |
- is an incomplete or partial antigen that could be made complete by combining with a carrier. |
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Antibodies |
Do not ingest, they neutralize. Work in blood stream – plasma Cannot go inside the cell Could be a protein produced by the body in response to an antigen. Capable of combining with antigens that induce its production. Most antibodies are bivalent (two places for attachment) at a minimum. Immunoglobulin or gamma globulin. Most consist of 4 polypeptide chains, two heavy chains and two light chains joined by disulfide bonds. They make two identical halves or with specific variable portions of H & L where antigen attaches. The constant portion shows what type it is (IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE). The variable portion must fit the determining site. |
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IGG |
Most abundant Smallest in molecular weight Placenta and Newborns |
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IGM |
Heaviest First to appear after infection first sent in and first to get "killed" |
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IGA |
Antibodies in serum Found in blood, saliva and tears |
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IGD |
Least abundant - shortest life span |
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IGE |
Bad guy that gives you allergies |
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Vaccines |
Beneficial application of immunology |
