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229 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What si transmission?
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-measn that the organisms have to get to you
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What is portal of entry?
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org. has to get into you
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what is the Period of incubation
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-time it needs to grow/inc in number
-inc in load -takes time |
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What si the demonstration of virulence?
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What is this organism ding to you?
-nothing in some cases -produces toxins (poisons) in others or is evasive (gorwing otu through body) |
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What are signs and symptoms?
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-reactions to the invasiveness
-diarrhea, vomit, cough, or die |
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what is the portal of exit?
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-the way the org. leaves your body
-when they exit and how they exit |
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What are the differnent types of vectors an organism can use for transmission?
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-passive, mechanical, source, or active
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what are fingers as avector for diesease tranmssion?
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-mechanical
-very important in the health area but also in the food industry |
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What are nasal secretions as a vector for disease trans.?
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-uses mucus
-mechanical |
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Whata re oral secretions as a vector for disease transm.?
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-uses saliva
-mehcanical |
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What are sores as a vector for disease transmission?
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-active whentransferred directly
-passvie when trasnferred indirectly (glvoe of doctor) |
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What can fingers transfer as a vector in disease tras.? How is this important?
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-nasal secretions
-oral secretions -sores -feces -important in the health areas and food industry |
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Whata re feces as a vecotr for disease trans?
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-feces to finger to food to mouth route
-wash hands -easy way to spread infection |
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what are flies as a vector for diesease trasm?
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-symbol to represent any type fo biilogical vector
-can be roaches, mioce, rats, bats. these fit nicely into both of these catagories -flies good exampel of a passive vector -eat dog feces, then eat food, then bacteria grow out |
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How is passive vectors less dangerous than an active vector?
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-whole time bacteria is sittign on dropping, they get dries out by sunlight
-decreases load, decreases chancce of infection -the larger number of org, the higehr chnace of infection |
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What makes a vector active? Examples?
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increase load and virulence
-mosquitos can carry malaria -bats can carry rabies. |
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What is the reservoir of infection?
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-another term used to describe active biological infections
-not only acts as a means of transmission -also a means for the organism to grow and survive |
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What is an example of a vector and organism that gorws ina reservoir of infection?
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-water (vibrio cholera)
-can survive long periods of time in salinity |
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What is a formite? Example? What is the vector of the source/formite?
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an inanimate object that are just a source of infection
-only a means of transmission not growth -If you have HEP B, you would be active and a reservoir. If you are an IV drug user, the needle is just the source -a source is just mechanical, like an inoculating loop -catheters (needles), money, gloves, artificial fingernails, eating utencils, hankercheifs, thongs are all examples |
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What is money as a formite?
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-paper money and coins
-not dangerous because dry adn ink is cidal or inhibitory -coins are oligodynamic (small amoutn of metal will fall off) -streak plate and palce coin on, clear area will form -coins are cidal |
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How are artificial fingernails a formite? significance?
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-lots of infections can be transmitted by these
-hospitals cna be cited if they are wearing these things |
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How are eatign utencils a formite?
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-very easy to transmit b/c of the moisture
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How ar ehankercheifs a formite?
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blowing nose and sticking it in pocket
-you transmit staph and strep -much more dangerous than money |
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How are thongs a formite?
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-in some doctor offices there is a inc in UTI
-very easy to transmit e.coli this way -wear thongs backwards |
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How does food transmit infections?
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-includes liquids
-org cna increase in nubmer in food -more of a reservoir than a source -food gets contaminated by flies -not considered active (has to be alive) |
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How does phlegm trasnmit diseases?
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-hospitals are tryign to control respirator diseases
-comes from sneezing, coughing, and talking |
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How long can tiny drops be suspended in the air after a sneeze?
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- for 1 hour
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Ho long can aprticles form coughing saty in the air?
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-30 min
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What percent of organisms coming out of you are pathogenic? How is a person pathogenic?
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96%
-need a compromised patient -not just aids, but diabetics, smokers, alcoholics |
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What is ID-50? How does this relate to coughing?
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-infections douse fifty
-this is what would infect 50/100 people -example is TB, need about 10 bacilli -Each little drop from coughing is 3 bacilli |
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How does sex transmit infections? Significance?
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STDS
-0important to educate people - some counties suppress info about this -we are active biological vectors |
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How do you control infections?
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-eliminate reservoir
break link in transmission -immunize biologicals |
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How do you eliminate the reservooir of infections? Examples?
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-get rid of the source
-mosquitos and malaria |
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How is the black plaque relate to eliminating reserviours?
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-100 million people dies in europe
-because of rats -in US, prairie dogs do this too and any types of rodents |
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Whata re examples of you breaking the link in transmission in infections?
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-Cow-milk- pasturize
-chlorinate pool water -handwashing (stop spread of e.coli) |
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What si the portal of entry for salmonella typhi?
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-typhpoid fever
-GI tract, skin |
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What si the poral of entry for clostridium tetani?
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-tetnus
-ingest spored everyday -if it gets through skin, get infected |
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What is the portal of entry for Anthrax?
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-deadliest when inhaled
-tissues die when gets in skin |
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What is the skin as a defense mechanism?
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-first line fo defense
-several interlocking layers -most pathogens don;'t get through |
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What are the exceptions of of pathogens that enter nthe skin as a portal of entry?
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-dermatophytes wo;; go down sweat gland and infect
-staphlococcus aureus can do this streptovcoccus pyogenes can cause strep through if fingers get contaminated, so can your vaginal area -not normally a problem but if baby makes cuts durign birth can become sick |
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What insects can transmit disease through the skin?
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mosquitos and malaria
tick bites and rocky mountain spotted fever and lyme disease |
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What si the respiratory tract as a portal of entry?
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-majpor pportal of entyr for diseases
-covering mouth doesn;'t ptrevent |
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What [athogens can go into the respiratory tract as a prtoal of entry?
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-TB gets in by sneezing
-bacterial pneumonias, -haemophilus (menigitis) -cold virus -flu virus rubella (german measles) -rubeola (measles) -small pox virus -droplet infection |
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How si the digestive tract a portal of entry for pathogens? What pathogens?
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-coems form fodo adn water transmitted
-E.coli -salmonella -dysentry (shigella) -cholera -typoid fever -botulism -staff food poisoniong -Hep A (oral fecal route) |
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What veneral organisms use the genital area as a portal of entry?
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-STDs
-syphilis -gonnorhea -chlamydia |
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What si toxic shock syndrome?
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-comes from highly absorbant tampons
-can become contaminated by staphylococcus pyogenes |
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What viruses use the genital area as portal of entry?
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-AIDS virus
-Herpes virus |
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What situations are significant with Streptococcus pyogenes in using the gential area as a portal of entry?
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-not a problem in some situations
-toxic shock syndrome (from highly absorbant tampons) -psedomas (from soap) -catheters -improper wiping |
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What is significant about the placenta as a portal of entry? What organsims use this?
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-when youa r epregnant, the umbilitcal cord can transmit a lot of diseases
-syphilis -toxoplasmosis (fromc at feces) -HIV, chlamydia and Hep B virus -rubella virus -cytomegalo virus (for immuno compromised) -Herpes 1 and 2 (2 is genital) |
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What is the period of incubation?
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-increase number of organisms or grow out
-time interval from when organism enters you to onset of symptoms |
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What diseases are significant to incubations? How long?
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-some disease are short such as colds or flu (24-48 hrs)
-most accute childhood infections have incubations periods of 1-3 week\ leprosy- 2-5 years, some 40 AIDS- 8 years |
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What is the average incubation period?
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6 months
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What occurs when you increase the virulence of an organism? How?
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-if you inc virulence, you shorten length of incubation
-increase virulence by passing it through host |
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What si an epidemic? What occurs at its height? Example?
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-passing disease from one person to antoher
-at height of epidemic, you shorten incubation time to one week, like chicken pox |
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What occurs when you increase resistance of the host?
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as you icnrease resitance, you incr incubation period
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What occurs when you ahev a high enough resistance? Example?
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-if viruklence is low enough, you ar e a healthy carrier and can get subclinical dose
-strep and soar throat |
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What is rhinitis and sinusitis?
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-minor infection in your nose
-people who pass these on are ones with these b/c you don't think you have a strep throat |
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What is significant abiout the distance from entrace to focus of action?Example?
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-rabies is a good example
-main infection point is brain -further away from brain longer the incubation |
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What is significant about the amount of infectious agent? For anthrax? For salmonella?
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-the more organisms, the higher the load, the shorter the incubation period
-Spores (need 8000-10000) -need 100K-1 billion, every 1-3 packages of chiken have this |
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What is invasiveness?
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-the ability of the organism to spread throughout your body
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What is toxigenicity?
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-does the organism produce a toxin?
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What org. produce a toxin? How?
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-syphilis/treponema pallidum (spreads through all tissues of body, low toxicity)
-tetanus (caused by clostridium, grows on nail, produces deadly toxin) -Strep pyogenes (very deadly, very evasive, and very toxic) |
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What is exaltation? What affects it?
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-when you increase virulence of an organism
-becomes more infectious -pass it through host that are susceptible -mutations increase pathogenicity of organism -plasmids and lysogenic conversion do this |
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What is attenuation? How?
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-decreasing pathogenicity of organism
-gorw organism under adverse conditions -vaccines can dec virulence of org. -can vary temperature adn expose to different chemicals (hurt it but don;t kill it) |
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What si acute? examples?
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short onset and short lasting
-colds, flu, hep A |
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What is chronic? examples?
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long onset longer lasting
Hep A, Hep B, and Hep C AIDS, HIV, and TB |
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What are systematic infections? Examples?
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-means organism spreasds through all tissues of body
-can go to brain, bones, all tissues -syphilis and lymes disease |
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What are local infections? Examples?
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-means it is confined to one area
-tetanus, area where punctured -staphylococcus aureus, boil -primary or pulmonary TB, breath in and starts in lungs |
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What is a focal infection? Examples?
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-local infection spreads to other parts of body
-pop pimple and goes into blood -TB starts at lungs and eats at tissue, enters blood adn becoems secondary TB, difficult to treat |
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What is septicemia?
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-refers to presence of pathogens in your blood
-not sympotmatic yet |
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What is bacteremia?
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-pathogenic bacteria in blood
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What is viremia?
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-virused in your blood
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What is pyemia?
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-pyogenic organism in blood
-produces pus |
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What is toxemia? Examples?
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-toxins in blood
-tetanus -diptheria |
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What is sapremia? Examples?
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means you have a saprophyte
-lives off of dead tissue of live host -happens when you have gangrenous limbs -also occurs when you ahve a retained placenta (give birth and placenta was not tremoved properly,c an casue death? |
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What is invasiveness? How?
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-ability of organism to spreasd through the body, does this by producing extracelluar enzymes known as agressions
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What is hyaluronidase?
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substrate hyaluronic acid
-cement b.;/t our cells -holds them together any organism that can produce this can break this down and move b/t our tissues -called spreading factor |
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What are examples of organisms that can do this?
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-clostridium perfringens (normal in intestines, hard to control in other parts of body)
-streprococcus pyogenes (causes strep/sore throat, flesh eating disease) |
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`What is collagenase? Examples?
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breaks down collagen in muslces, boners, and tendons
-clostridium (to treat: slit open skin, spread musles,a nd treat w/ oxygen< difficult to get antibiotics in) |
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What is lecithiniase? Examples?
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-breaks down lecithin (phospholipid)
-casues red blood cells to lyse -creates anemia and anoxia -Clostridium perfringens |
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What is streptolysins?
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-comes from streptococcus pyogenes
-hemolysin |
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What is leucocidin?
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-destroys white blood cells
streptococci and staphylococci can do this |
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What are kinases?
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-break down fibirn in clots
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Where do endotoxins come from?
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-from gram (-) bacteria of outer membrane wall
-when bacteria dies, it relaes this toxin |
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What can endotoxins do?
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-a pyrogen: fever producing
-can get hypotebnsion if enough in system |
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What is gram negative shock?
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-happens when you ahve septicemia
-diabetic whoa r ecomprimnised get lots of infections -antibiotic given die and rele3ases endotoxin -can lead to death |
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What are exotoxins?
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specific toxins, doesn;t just cause fever
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What is tetanospasmin?
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-neurotoxin from clostridium tetani that paralyses you from ehad to diaphram
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What is hemotoxin?
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-toxin that causes hemolysis
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What si erthrogenic toxin?
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-super antigen from streptococcus pyogenes
-gets you to produce antibodies and havea hypersensitive reaction |
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What are enterotoxins?
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-produced by staph and e. coli
-effect GI tract to irritate bowels and have diahrrea |
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Is staphlyococci exo or endotoxic?
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EXO only, gram -
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What can botulinum type A do?
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-1 mg can kill 200 mice'
-said that 1 cup can kill every human -can kill before you produce antibodies |
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What is a sign?
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somethign that is objective
-you cna measure it -example is temperature -quantitative |
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Is a symptom measured?
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no, it's qualitative
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What is Malaize?
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-on sujective side
-difficult to measure |
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How is feces a portal of exit? Organisms?
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al9ot of diseases are spreadm by this
-E.coli, salmonella, shigella, typhoidm, polio,, and hepatitus A -major way disease is spread |
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How is urine a portal of exit for organisms?Examples?
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-should be steril;e when it comes out, but some can get through this
-Typhoid gets to UT when it becomes systematic -Gonporrhea can infect |
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How is sputum a portal of exit? Examples?
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-caughing, talkingh, and nasal secretions
-cold virus, flu virus, TB, haemophilus, pneumonia -AIDs |
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How are secretions a portall of exit? Organisms?
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-from the skin.
-MRSA -chicken pox, herpes, syphilis, leprosy, athlete's foot -gonnorhea: you have a drip of pus from your mucus and genital area |
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How is a blod a portal of exit for organisms? Examples?
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-major way to spread aids
-be careful with needles -up to 100k virus part for 1 mL -Hep B and C are spread by blood -malaria can be spread by blood by mosquitos |
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What is species immunity?
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-can;t be transmitted from one species to another
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What is out epecies immunity to small pox?
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-we can get this, no otehr species can.
-doesn;t exist anymore |
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What is cow pox?
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vaccine to small pox
-cows can get this and we can get a mild case of this and can be used to vaccinate us |
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What is typhoid as species immunity?
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-we are not immune, most deadly in typhoid fever
-casued by salmonella typhi -not in any other psecies |
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What is the species immunity hand/food and mouth diesease?
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-cows get hoof adn mouth disease
-humans get hand/food and mouth disease -casued by coxsacki virus -spread by feces -not immune |
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What si the species immunity of salmonella?
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caused modtly by typimurium
-milder form of diherrhea we get from lower animals |
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What is the species immunity of rabies?
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-can go from oen species to another
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What is the racial immunity of TB?
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-high incidence in Native Americans
-not really racial, get Tb due to poor nutrition |
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What is the racial immunity of malaria?
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-spread by mosquitos
-people that live from this are resistant -people with sickle cell anemai are also resistant -due to duffy factor |
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What si the duffy factor?
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-surface component on red blood cell'-for organism to attack there needs to be a receptor onc ell membrane
-makes it harder fro malaria to get in |
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What is CCR5?
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-delta 32 mutation on white blood cells
-don;'t get AID due to this mutation -small pox caused this to happen |
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What si the individual immunity iof athlete's foot?
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-some people get this, soem don't
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What si the individual immunity of multiple schelrosis?
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-not sure why peope, get this
0may bhe related to herpes virus -just a mild infection in some of us -some ahve storng reactiona dn eads to MS |
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How is age significan tin individal and general health?
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-least resitant isd very young and very old
-more ssuspecitble to disease -occurs because no vaccines when young -worn out when old -smokers more prone to ifnection -too much junk adn boy wares gown |
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How is gender significant to individual and gernal health?
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-females are more prone to UTI's
-more benign ro gonorrhea and syphilis -for Tb, avg male gets it at 30, 60 for female |
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What is the significane the mental state of the indivual and generasl health?
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-can influence severity of symptoms
-endotrphins and provide protection |
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How are lving conditions siognificant ot individual and gernal health?
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-more suspecitple if too clean, brcuase no recent immunity to disease
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How is occupation sigificant to individual and general health?
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big problem for firefighters and Hep B
-passed by blood -exposed to blood -don;t know you ahev it for 20-30 years -liver is shot and need transplant |
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What is the significance of factique for iindividuala nd general health?
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makes you more prone to things
-mononucleoiss makes you worjk out -if you have herpes, fatique causes blisters to pop up more -due to poor nutrition |
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How is the skin a natural barrier?
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many interlocking layers
-constantly being shead b/c of horney layer called stratus corneum -considered an acid (4.5-6.5) -allows some organisms to grow -transients can ;t groe cause of pH -resident flora produice fatty acids that are cidal against lots of organisms |
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What are natural barriers of the human body?
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-skin
-mucuous membrane -GT system -eyes -gentiourinary system |
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How is the mucus membrane a natural barrier?
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-mucus traps org. form going intom repsirator tract
-cilia push org backewards for us to swallow |
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How is the GI tractg a natural barrier?
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-mucus goes to thick walled stomach
-stomach has HCl, kills org. -duodenum has sodium bicarbonate and org can;t take change from acid to basic -gall bladder stores bile and is detergent, kilsl org. 0many org. enter colon but are removed by defecation |
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How are eyes a natural barrier?
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-tears are mechanical flusher, physically remove org.
-IgA is in tears, type of antibody -has lysozyme |
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What is IgA?
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-antibody in tears, mucus, and saliva that has lysozyme
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What is a lysozyme?
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-breaks gown NAM-NAG bond
-more effective gainst G+ -i tears, sweat, and some WBC |
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Howm is genital-urinary systema natural barrier?
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-mucus protects it and everything about mucus applies here
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What are leukocytes?
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white blood cells
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Whata re granulocytes?
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-when you stain white blood cells you see large granuels, AKA polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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What are neutrophils?
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-55-90% of WBC
-phagocytise |
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Whatre eosinophils?
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-1-3% of WBC
-granuels have lysozymes -produce toxins versus large parasites -ex. Eukaryotes-helminths, roundworms,, flatworms, and fungi |
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What are basophils?
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-less than 1% granules haev histimines and heparine
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What is histimine?
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-vasodilators
-increase diameter of blood vessels and increase permeability of membrane |
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What is heparin?
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-anticoagulant
-prevent clotting |
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Whata re mast cells?
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-in connective tissue, have antihistimines and anticoagulants
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What are agranulocytes?
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-mononuclear leukocytes (w/o granuels)
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Whata re monocytes?
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-3-8% WBC
-include macrophages and histiocytes |
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What is a macrophage?
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-wandering phagocyte
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What os a histiocyte?
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-fixed macrophages that become part of tbhe reticuloendothelial system or mononuclear phagocytic system
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What are lymphocytes?
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-20-35% WBC
-include B lyphocytes and T lymphocytes |
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What are B lymphocytes?
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-cell mediated immunity
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What are T lymphocytes?
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cell mediated immunity
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What is leukocytosis?
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-increase in neutrophils
-increase in WBC |
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What is neutrophilia?
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-happens in most general bacterial infections, staph or strep
-pyogenic infections |
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What is lymphocytosis?
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-occurs in viral infections
-increase in lymphocytes -occurs in viral infections, ex. -infection monponucleosis |
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What is eosinophilia?
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incrsease in eosiophils
-fungal infection or helminth |
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What is leukopenia/leukocytopenia?
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-decreasse in WBC
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What is neutropenia due to?
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-drugs, radiation, TB, typhoid, influenza, and measles
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What is lymphocytopenia?
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-decrease in lymphocytes
due to AIDS -decrease in CD4 lymphocytes -npormal at 1000/uL AIDs at 200 |
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What is the cardinal signs of inflammation?
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-redness
-swelling -heat -loss of normal function -pain |
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How is redness a sing of inflammation?
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-due to increased flow of blood to area b/c histimines are being released
-vasodilation |
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How is swelling a sign of inflammation?
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-increased permeability of blood vessels due to histamines
-causes edema -build up of serous fluid, perulent, adn fibrinogen |
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what is serious fluid?
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clear fluid, dilutes toxins
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What si perulent?
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-alot of pus, indicates neutrophils, helps destroy what is there
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What is fibrinogen?
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-involved in clots, wall of damaged area
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How is ehat a sign of inflammation?
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-localized area feels warmer than the rest of the body
-due to increased blood flow to the area |
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How is pain a sign of inflammation?
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-due to sensory nerves
-edema pushes it |
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How is loss of normal functiona sign of inflammation?
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-due to pain
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What is a complement antimicrobial substance?
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-proteins that are considered to be antimiccrobial, in serum, are not antibodies but help them reconize foreigners by attaching to them
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What are interferons?
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-antiviral
-helps inhibit expression of cancer genes -includes alpha, beta, adn gamma cells |
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What is an alpha interferon?
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-helps activate natural killer cells
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What is a beta interferon?
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-help maturation of B and T lymphocytes
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What is a gamma interferon?
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-helps in activation of macrophages
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What bis lactoferrin and transferrin?
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-iron making, they bidn to the iron that the bacteria doesn;t use
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What is the acquired line of defense from microbs?
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-antibodies
-fairly specific -adaptive -if not exposed, then won;t make antibodies against it |
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What are actinobacteria?
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-a phylum
-have a gram + cell wall (high G zand C ration) |
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What bsi the etiology of tuberculosis? Primary reservior?
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-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-humans |
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What org. are included as Mycobacterium Other Than Tubercle Bacillus?
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-mycobacteria kansasii
-mycobacterium avium (intracellular compoelx found in birds) -immuno compromsied gets this -org. are very resistant adn sometimes ahve to be remvoes surgercally - |
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How do you grow out tuberculosis?
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-by Lowenstein Jensen media
-has potato flour, eggs, and malachite green -malachite green inhibits staph and strep -slow grower, about 2-4 weeks -colony gets dry, crumbly, adn waxy |
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What is the morbidity of tuberculosis?
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in early 1900's, responsible for 20-30% of deaths
-white plaque -declined for 80 years and then comes back due to HIV, homelesness, IV drugs users, adn drug resistance -20000 active, 15 mill. latent in US -8 million active 1/3 latent worldwide |
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What is the mrotality rate of tuberculosis?
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-2000 deaths per year in US
-1.6 million worldwide |
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How is tuberculosis transmitted?
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-droplet infection
-ID50= 10 bacilli -every droplet contains 1-3 bacilli -need 10 drops in alveoli to get disease |
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What is the predisposing factor of tuberculosis?
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-anyone with an advanced age, poor nutrition, low economic status, alcoholis, and prolonged stress to body
-non-white males over age of 30 -non-white femal;es over age of 60 |
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What si the primary site of infection for TB?
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-lungs
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Why can;t macrophages or nucleophiles phagocyte TB?
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-grow in clumps becuase of waxy coat
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What does your body do to control TB? If it gets loose?
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-body builds walls around them
-grow tubercles of 1-3 mm -stay confined but not dead -if it gets out, eats lung tissue -cough saliva is stringy |
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How do you determine if you ahve TB?
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-acid fast stain
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What are the stages of TB?
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-pulmonary TB-lungs
-extrapulmonary 2nd TB- in blood stream -military TB- causes lesions that are millet seed all of your body -Osseous TB- in bones |
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What is the inoculation period for TB?
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-6 months
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Whata re the clinical symptoms of TB?
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vague chest pains
coughing periodic fever fatigue loss of wieght |
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How do you diagnose TB?
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-sputum smear-acid fast test, culture using Lowenstein Jensen media
-only good for active cases -can X-ray butg won;t be able to tell diferrence b/t latent and active |
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What are TB skin tests?
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-put antigen in you
-old Tubercolin, Tine Test with needles that poke you -New, Purified Protein derivative |
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What is Mantoux? How much you use? What is a positive test?
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-A PPD test for TB
-.0001mg.mL -injected ID -Erythema (red spot on skin) -induration (hardening) -measured in mm |
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How do you interpret skin tests?
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-positive means you ahve antibodies for TB
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What is the percentage of people with a positive skin test over the age of 40 for TB?
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80-90%
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What is the percentage of people who have a positive skin tets for TB b/t the ages 7-30?
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-5% rare
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What is a false negative for TB?
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-Tubervulin Anergy
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What is a false positive for TB?
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-AIDS people, due to other mycobacteria present
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Whata re gene probes PCR?
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-fast results
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What is directly observed therapy?
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-make sure patienttake meds
-treatment failures when patients stop taking meds themselves |
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How do you treat TB?
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-directly observed therapy
-multiple dose treatment' -INH (chemoprophylams) -Empiric Intial treatment |
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What is multipel dose treatment?
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-treatment periof of 6-24 months for resistant cases
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What is INH-Chemoprophylams for TB?
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-preventuion of TB for AIDs patients
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What is the empiric intial treatment for TB? what drugs are used?
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-treatment during the sputum and culture of sample
-3-4 week period -Isoniazif, Rifampin, Pyrazinamide (kills TB inside WBC), Ethambutol |
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What drug do you use for suscpetible TB?
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-Rifater
-pill w/ Isoniazid, Rifampin, and pyrazinamide -takes 2 months |
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What happens after you retest for TB after treatment?
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-positve: 7 more months of Rifmate
-negative: 4 more months of Rifmate |
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What if TB was resistant to INH?
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-use rifampin, pyrazinamide, with either Ethambutol or streptomycin
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What is MDR-TB?
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-multipel drug resistant TB
-measn organism is resistant to INH AND Rifampin or more -use 4-7 effetive drugs for 18-24 months |
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What is the percentage of retreatment ot occur in TB?
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7% due to resistance involved
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How do you prevent TB?
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-isolation, education,a nd prophylaxis
-INH treats latent cases -Vaccine BCG (Bacillus Calmcatte Gueria) -it's an alive mycobacteria injected in your right arm that lasts 5-15 years |
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What si the etiology of leprosy?
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-Lapromatus (serious)
-tuberculaed (less serious) |
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What is the etiology of diptheria?
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-Corynebacterium diptheriae
-G+ bacilli -forms X's and Y's on gram stain -palicade arrangement -mechromatic granules (more diagnostic) |
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What does metachromatic mean?
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-different staining
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How long is incubation for Diptheria?
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-1-3 days (acute)
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What are the symptoms of Diptheria?
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Forms pseudomembrane (false membrane) in throat, tonsils, nasal cavity
-can get so thick that the patient suffocates -produces toxin, Toxemia , casues sore throat and heart disease |
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How do you diagnose diptheriae?
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hard bc lots of organisms cna form membrane
-take a gram stain or extract toxin |
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How is diptheria transmitted?
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-in throat by coughing
-droplet infection -organism is hardy (not sensitive to envirionment -can get from formite in ground/environment |
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What is the predisposing factor of diptheria?
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-poor nutrition
-surgery in nose and throat area -unimmunized children (disease seen more often in children) |
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Hpow do you prevent diptheria?
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-vaccine-DPT
-get antigen, produce antibodies -active immunity |
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How do you treat Diptheria?
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-give antibiotic, erythromycin
-give antitoxin, DAT (destroys toxin in blood, provides antibodies, passive immunity |
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What is the etiology of staphylococcus?
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-staphylococcus aureus
-G+ -clusters -beta hemolytic -coagulase + -opportunistic (not a problem unless predisposing facotr exists) |
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What is the primary reservoir of staohylococcus?
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-anterior nares
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What is the predisposing facotr to staphyloccocus?
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-nosocromial infections
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What is the morbitity of staphylococcus?
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-casue 20% of nosocromial infection
-40% people have staph in anteriro nares -some people are intermittently colonized, some never, depends on skin type |
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What is toxic shock syndrome?
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-caused by staphyloccous
-need particular strain to produce toxic shock syndrome toxin I -highly absorbant material is present it takes out magnesium from blood -exotoxin is produced -causes fever, vomiting, diarrhea, myalgia, hypotension -treat with penicillinase resiatnt MSSA: oxicillin, cloxicillin, adn cephasporin |
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What is ssalmonella? Kinds of foods?
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-staph food poisoning
-food infection -feces gets on food, org grows on food and gets into you -potato salad, macaroni salad, hams, and custards |
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What is a typical staph food poisioning?
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-need strain of staph aureus
-produces exotoxin -introduce to food -incubate for 3-8 hrs -eat it and get sick in 1-6 hours |
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What are the symptoms of food poisioning? treatment?
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-nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
-"2 bucket syndrome" -self liminting, no treatment -no antibiotics -provide electrlytes and fluids to very young and old |
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How do you prevent food poisioning?
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-keep potato salad refridgerated
-keep only 1-2 days -toxin is not heat labile |
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What is abcess? What is a carbuncle?
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-Staphylococcus boil
-called furbuncl -Staph follows hair follicle and grows in cavity (pus) -staph has lecociding, kills WBC -staphylokinase dissolves clots |
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How do you treat abcess?
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-difficult to get rid of b/c no blood cells here
-antibiotics have to get there by difusion |
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What is osteomyclitis?
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-bone infection made by staph
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What is a pinching boil?
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-staph travels through blood stream
-from dog bites |
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What is menignitis?
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-staph gets to brain and spinal cord, mostly for immuno compromsied
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What is endocarditis?
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-staph goes through blood steream to heart
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What is pneumonia?
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-staoh gets to lungs
-big problem with MRSA-nosomial pneumoina |
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How do you diagnose staphylococci?
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-G+ cocci cllusters, beta hemolytic, coagulase positive
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How do you treat staphylococcus?
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-most strains penicillinase resistant
-start with oxacillin, cloxacillin for MRSA -then vancomycin -VISA adn VRSA suscpetible to trimethoprin adn sulfamethoxazole, or linesolid (Zyvox) |
