Microbiology Test 3

Front 1

What are nucleated white blood cells?

Back 1

leukocytes

Front 2

______ influence the development of stem cells

Back 2

cytokines

Front 3

Plasma is the part of the blood that contains _______, while the serum is where antibodies are found.

Back 3

proteins

Front 4

What system is a separate circulatory system that drains lymph fluid from extravascular tissues?

Back 4

lymphatic system

Front 5

What contains lymphocytes and phagocytes and interacts with antigens and microorganisms?

Back 5

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Front 6

What are specialized leukocytes involved exclusively in adaptive immune response?

Back 6

lymphocytes

Front 7

Give two types of lymphocytes and where they originate in the body.

Back 7

1) B cells originate and mature in bone marrow
2) T cells originate in bone marrow, but mature in thymus

Front 8

Bone marrow and thymus are _______ lymphoid organs

Back 8

primary

Front 9

What two categories are myeloid cells divided into?

Back 9

1) antigen presenting cells- engulf, process, and present antibodies to lymphocytes
2) Granulocytes-contain toxins or enzymes that are released to kill target cells (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)

Front 10

What is the noninducable ability to recognize and destroy an individual pathogen or its products?

Back 10

Innate immunity(nonspecific immunity)

Front 11

What is the acquired ability to recognize and destroy a particular pathogen or its products? It is dependent on previous exposure to the pathogen(antigen) or its products.

Back 11

Adaptive immunity

Front 12

In adaptive immunity, following first antigen exposure, what occurs?

Back 12

a primary immune response

Front 13

Each lymphocyte produces a unique protein thta interacts with a single antigen. What proteins do T and B cells produce?

Back 13

B cells produce antibodies or immunoglobins and T cells produce T cell receptors (TCR)

Front 14

Adapative immunity begins with interactions of immune T cells with antigens on infected cells. T cells can recognize antigen only when presented on self proteins called what?

Back 14

major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC)

Front 15

What are the four lymphocyte subsets and what is each of their functions?

Back 15

1) T-cytotoxic(Tc) cells recognize antigen presented by MHC I protein on an infected cell.
2) T helper (Th) cells interact with peptide -MHC IIcomplexes on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. ** Also act through cytokines to promote immune reactions.
3) Th1 cells initiate inflammation and immunity by activating macrophages
4) Th2 cells stimulate antigen-reactive B cells to produce antibodies

Front 16

What are soluble proteins made by B cells in response to exposure to nonself antigens?

Back 16

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Front 17

What is the difference btw B cells and Th2 cells?

Back 17

B cells display antibodies on their cell surfaces that react directly with antigens, Th2 cells do not interact dirsectly with pathogen, but stimulate other cells(antigen-reactive B cells)

Front 18

Activated B cells differientiate into plasma cells that produce soluble antibodies which is an example of what?
Subsequent exposure to the same antigen induces memory which would be an example of what?

Back 18

primary antibody response
secondary antibody response

Front 19

List the different classes of antibodies that exist. (5)

Back 19

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgE
IgD

Front 20

Where are antibodies IgM and IgG found?

Back 20

blood

Front 21

Where is antibody IgA found?`

Back 21

secretions from mucous membranes

Front 22

What is antibody IgE involved in?

Back 22

parasite immunity and allergies

Front 23

Where is antigen IgD found ?

Back 23

surface of B cell

Front 24

Antibodies provide targets for interaction with proteins of the complement system, resulting in destruction of antigens through lysis or ______.

Back 24

opsonization

Front 25

What is a nonspecific reaction to noxious stimuli? Usually results in redness, swelling, pain, and heat localized at site of infection.

Back 25

inflammation

Front 26

Molecular mediators of inflammation are proteins called what?

Back 26

cytokines and chemokines

Front 27

What are the first to arrive at the site of infection and are attracted to site by interleukins?

Back 27

Neutrophils

Front 28

During inflammation, activated neutrophils release _______ to recruit macrophages by guiding them along a chemokine gradient.

Back 28

chemokines

Front 29

Usual outcome of inflammation is a rapid localization and destruction of pathogen. However, in some cases inflammation can fail to localize pathogen andthe reaction becomes widespreadresulting in a life-threatening condition called what?

Back 29

septic shock

Front 30

Animals normally develop natural _____ immunity when acquiring an infection that initiates an adaptive immune response.

Back 30

active

Front 31

Animals normally develop a natural _______ immunity through antibody transfer across the placenta or in breast milk.

Back 31

passive

Front 32

What type of immune deficiency occurs when a patient is unable to produce antibodies due to genetic defects in their B cells?

Back 32

Agammaglobulinemia

Front 33

What immune deficiency occurs when a developmental defect prevents maturation of the thymus and inhibits production of mature T cells?

Back 33

DiGeorge's syndrome

Front 34

The lack of an adaptive immune response is observed in individuels diagnosed with what disease?

Back 34

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Front 35

What type of artificial immunization exposes a person to a controlled dose of a harmless antigen to induce formation of antibodies?

Back 35

Artificial active immunity(vaccination)

Front 36

What is the injection of an antiserum derived from an immune individual?

Back 36

Artificial passive immunity

Front 37

What is the process of generating an artificial active immune response by exposure to an antigen or antigen mixture(vaccine)?

Back 37

Immunization

Front 38

What are some examples of alternative approaches for preparation of immunizations that eliminate exposure to microbe/s and even protein antigens?

Back 38

-synthetic peptides(foot and mouth virus)
- recombinant-vector vaccines(rabies vaccine)
- recombinant-antigen vaccines(hepatitis B vaccine)
- DNA vaccine(based on expression of cloned genes in host cells)

Front 39

What is inappropriate immune response that results in host damage?

Back 39

hypersensitivity

Front 40

What results in immediate hypersensitivity and is caused by a release of vasoactive products from IgE antibody-coated mast cells. The reaction occurs within minutes after exposure to antigen?

Back 40

Allergy

Front 41

What are some common immediate hypersensitivity allergens?

Back 41

pollen and fungal spores, insect venoms, certain foods(nuts, shellfish), mites in house dust

Front 42

What is a cell-mediated hypersensitivity characterized by tissue damage due to inflammatory responses produced by Th1 inflammatory cells? Symptoms appear several hours after secondary exposure to eliciting antigens.

Back 42

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

Front 43

What occurs when T and B cells are activated to produce immune reactions against self-proteins?

Back 43

Autoimmune disease

Front 44

What are antibodies called that interact with self antigens?

Back 44

autoantibodies

Front 45

Cytoxic hypersensitivity is another expression for what?

Back 45

juvenile diabetes

-antibodies(IgG) against cell surface antigen

Front 46

What are proteins capable of eliciting a strong response bc they activate more T cells than a normal immune resonse?

Back 46

superantigens

Front 47

Superantigen-activated T cells may produce systematic disease characterized by what type of reactions?

Back 47

systematic inflammatory reactions