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65 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Clostridium botulinum - Botulism
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Horses - Forage poisoning, Baled bunnies
Toxic-infectious botulism in foals - Shaker foal syndrome Human - food poisoning/black tar heroin Avian - limberneck Domestic poultry - carcasses/maggots, spoiled vegetables Toxin in blood, binds to neuromuscular junct, paralysis of cholinergic nerve fibers by blocking ACH release More acute onset, higher morality Type E most acute/deadly, A & B common in US Vax - Toxoids in high risk pop. Dx- Prove toxin in serum, GI, food Tx - Polyvalent antitoxin for humans 20-40% mortality, lower in infats when diagnosed properly |
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Clostridium perfringes Type A
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Alpha toxin: In SI, Massive intravascular hemolysis/capillary damage
Yellow lamb disease Enteritis - young pigs Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome - dairy cows Necrotic enteritis - broiler chicks Severe fatal enteritis - sheep Gangrene - Humans (non-toxogenic strains) |
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Clostridium perfringens: Type B/C
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Type B
Lamb Dysentery & hemorrhagic enteritis Type C: Enterotoxemia in calves (uncommon) Enterotoxemia (acute hemorrhagic enteritis) in pigs - 1-5 days old, Beta Toxin: inactivated by trypsin |
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Clostridium perfringens Type D
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Enterotoxemia (Overeating diease, pulpy kidney disease)
Lambs on high concentrates Epislon toxin - Proteolytic cleavage of the prototoxin by trypsin - Permease activity - Receptors in brain vascular endothelium - Liquifactive necrosis, hemorrhage, edema - "Stargazing", usually found dead |
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Clostridium chauvoei
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Blackleg
Cows 6 mos - 2 yrs usually Best-doing animals most-likely affected Large areas of necrotic muscle w/ gas formation under skin (crepitation) Spores in muscle/liver of normal animals - Tissue trauma initiates growth? - May enter when deciduous teeth lost Can involve a whole quarter Protective antigen important for vax Habitat - Soil Penicillin treatment - Early, can inject right into wound Alpha toxin - lethal, hemolytic, necrotizing Gamma - hyaluronidase Delta - hemolysin |
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Clostridium septicum
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Malignant edema
Introduced through wounds/umbilicus - Rapid buildup of pitting edema - Gelatinous subcutaneous/intermuscular exudate - Little/no gas Common post-mortem invader Most be dominant organism in lesion to be considered sign. Vaccine - Anti-bacterial rather than anti-toxic Penicillin if early Braxy in sheep, not usually in US |
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Clostridium sordellii
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Involved in Gas gangrene/enterotoxemia
Found in mixed infections Routinely included in immunization programs |
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Clostridium novyi
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One of the largest clostridia (up to 10 um long)
More oxygen-sensitive Types ABCD |
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Clostridium novyi Type A
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Soil/GI tract of herbivores
Enters via wounds Big-head in rams Gas gangrene in humans/animals |
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Clostridium novyi Type B
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Black Disease
Infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep, cattle Best-doing animals Spores in normal muscle/liver Fasicola hepatica migrates through liver, causes damage Multiplies, produces alpha toxin Toxin absorbed, causes extensive blood-stained subcutaneous edema |
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Clostridium novyi Type D
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AKA Clostridium hemolyticum
Redwater disease - cattle, deer, elk, sheep In areas of alkaline water, swampy pastures Fascioloides magna Lecithinase C - principal toxin - Absorbed in bld - Massive intravascular hemolysis - Large infarct - characteristic liver lesion - Anoxemia - 90-95% fatality Antibacterial immunity Tx - Antiserum, IV penicllin |
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Clostridium piliforme
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Tyzzer's Disease
- Lab rodents, seen in many animals Long, filamentous, thin Usually in stressed animals Passed in feces of normal animals Ingested from contaminated bedding Young rodents - enteritis Other rodents - Focal hepatic necrosis - Jaundice - Catarrhal enterocolitis Dx - Histopath lesions Px - Lower stress levels |
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Clostridium colinum
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Quail disease - ulcerative enteritis
- Lower 1/3 of intestine - Diffuse hepatic necrosis Wild/domestic birds Fecal-Oral Difficult to grow |
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Clostridium difficile
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Pigs - mesoclonic edema in 1-7 day old piglets
Horses - acute colitis in mature horses Seen in 1/3 of foals <2 weeks old, not n older foals, seem to be reservoir Humans - Pseudomembraneous colitis assoc w/antimicrobial therapy Toxinx - Enterotoxin, Cytotoxin Normal flora of human GI, use special media to grow Toxin detection common Antibiotics used |
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Genus Campylobacter
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Formerly genus Vibrio
"comma" shaped |
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Campylobacter fetus subspecies venerealis
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Obligate parasite of cow genitalia
Vibriosis Early embryonic death/infertility Occasional later-term abortion Transmitted venereally/AI Localizes in anterior vagina/cervix Progestational phase -> invades uterus/oviducts -> salpingitis/endometritis -> implantation failure Cows continue to cycle, breed for 5 mos until organism cleared, no reinfection - Persist for months, antigenic shift? Bulls - prepuce/penis infection no signs IgA - immobilize organism in vagina IgG - clear from uterus/oviduct Vax - bacterins, Dx -unique presentation, culture hard due to contaminants Direct fetal membr exam - often not found, Antibody - cervical mucus |
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Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus
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Ovine abortion
Habitat - GI Tract Transmission - Ingestion Bactermia w/ localization in placentomes -> placentitis, last trimester abortion Infection earlier in gestation -> no abortion Ewes that abort are immune for 1 yr Vax - polyvarent bacterins Dx - characteristic liver lesions, find in impression smears from stomach contents/cotyledons Tx - Tilmicosin. Tetracycline not useful anymore. |
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Campylobacter jejuni
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Humans - Enteritis
- Intestinal mucosa invasion Sheep - Abortion Habitat - GI tract, Domestic poultry Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Flaccid paralysis following ingection - Ganglioside-like epitopes in the LPS mimic host neural tissue - Antibody developed, causes issues |
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Pasteurella multocida
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Habitat: Respiratory tract of mammals, oral cavity in dogs/cats
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Pasteurella multocida Type A
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Cattle - Part of shipping fever pneumonia, A:3 most common. 2nd to stress, other agents. Lung "abcesses"
Vax - Bacterins in feeder calves, doubtful benefit Immunity - Type 1/3 Hypersensitivity Pigs - similar, some produce cytotoxin - atrophic rhinitis Sheep - Mastitis/pneumonia, not as important as M. haemolytica Rabbits - Snuffles Birds - Fowl cholera (Type F also) - Acute septicemia -> Death, joint infection/arthritis in survivors |
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Pasteurella multocida Type B & C
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Cows - hemorrhagic septicemia Sub/tropical areas - assoc. with rainy season
Type E - Only in Africa Oil-adjuvant vaccine |
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Pasteurella multocida Type D
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Pigs - Atrophic rhinitis, predisposed by B. bronchiseptica toxin
Cytotoxin - Single polypeptide, binds to host cell ganglioside receptors -> activates G protein -> cellular metabolism effected Osteoblast/osteoclast balance changed -> bone loss Hepatotoxic Vax - Bacterins, combo w/ B. bronchiseptica Rabbits - Snuffles |
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Pasteurella canis
Pasteurella pneumotropica |
Formerly Type D
Assoc with distemper virus infection -- Lab Animals Abscessing pneumonia, conjunctivitis, mastitis, subq abscess |
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Pasteurella aerogenes
Pasteurella caballi |
Swine mouth/GI tract
Danish pig farmers - Skin ulcers/bite wounds -- Respiratory, other equine infections |
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Mannheimia haemolytica
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Habitat - Upper Resp. Tract of Cow/Sheep
Cow - Biotype A Serotype 1 - acute fibrinous pleuropneumonia (shipping fever complex) Serotype 2 - Not pathogenic in cattle Sheep/Goat - Newborn: Septicemia Adults - Pneumonia. Mastitis (Sheep) - If become gangrenous -> Blue Bag |
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Mannheimia/Bibersteinia trehalosi Cytotoxin
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Toxic for ruminant leukocytes/platelets
RTX, pore-forming Low levels - alters leuk function High levels - leukocyte lysis Extensive sequence homology with E. coli alpha hemolysin |
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Lawsonia intracellularis
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Obligate intracellular
Multiples in epithelial cells of lumen Habitat - GI tract Swine - Proliferative enteritis - Infected early in life - PIA, PHE, necrotic enteritis, regional ileitis, garden hose gut Tx - Antibiotics Vax - Live vax - Via H2O or drench Foals - Proliferative enteritis w/ mucosal hyperplasia. Usually 3-7mos foals, perforation can occur Hamsters - Wet Tail |
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Campylobacter coli
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Human enteritis
Common in pig GI tract (source of org. for humans) |
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Campylobacter sputorum
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Contaminant
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Vibrio cholerae
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Human cholera
Comma shaped Pandemics; Contaminated water/food Cholera toxin - Like LT toxin Rice-water feces |
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Anaerobic Gram Neg Bacteria
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All obligate anaerobes, commensals
Habitat: GI tract Fusobacterium Dichelobacter Bacteroides Prevotella Porphromonas |
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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Leukotoxin - Toxic for neutrophils, macrophages, hepatocytes
Low - apoptosis, High - target cell lysis Major factor in abscess formation LPS Patho - Not actively invading, needs tissue damage/other agent Lesion - Necrosis, putrid odor Often w/ A. pyogenes, D. nodosus |
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Mannheimia haemolytica - Bovine Immune Response
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Cytotoxin: Low lvl: inhibits alveolar macrophage/ neutrophil function, High lvl: kills them
When cells killed ->lysosomal enzymes released -> Heavy inflammation (causes non-function) -> respiratory distress & increased membrane permeability -> Ig/complement readily arrive -> more inflammation |
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Bibersteinia trehalosi
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Leukotoxin identical to M. haemolitica
Cow - Severe respiratory disease Feeder lambs - Septicemia, enters via esophageal lesions Related to overcrowding/stress Goats - Respiratory disease |
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Actinobacillus lignieresii
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Granulomatous, tumor-like infections
Wooden Tongue Habitat - Commensal of buccal mucous membr of cow/sheep Cow - Enters via wounds in buccal epithel. Seen mostly in soft tissue of head/neck Sheep - Similar to cow, in Scotland Human - Bite wounds (rare) Immunity - Humoral/CMI, not usually vax Tx - Local Aqueous Iodine (Lugol's soln), Sodium iodide IV |
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Actinobacillus equuli
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Shigellosis- Sleepy Foal Disease
Habitat - Oral cavity/GI of horses Opportunist - Debilitated/stressed horses Foals get when passing through birth canal, maybe in utero transm Leads to septicemia 1/3 Foals die in 24hrs (severe enteritis) 2/3 die in 4 days (now w/ purulent nephritis, leg joint infection) Adults - Strongylus vulgaris can introduce to blood -> septicemia Humans - Animal bites Tx - Streptomycin |
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Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
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Contagious pleuropneumonia: Acute respiratory disease in swine
APX1,2,3 - Cytotoxic toxins Habitat - URT of swine Chronic herds: Piglets infected as colostrum immunity wanes - mild disease Acute in older pigs - More severe, anorexia, fever, hemorrhaging from mouth/nose - Peracute: Death in 8 hrs Highly pathogenic - no inducing agent Recovered pigs immune, have abscesses/pleural adhesions |
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Actinobacillus suis
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1-8 wk pigs - Fatal acute septicemia
Older pigs - arthritis, pneumonia, abscesses Seen in some foals RTX toxins (Apx1/2), identical to A. plueropneumoniae Carried in tonsils/nasal pasage in healthy pigs, probably invades URT |
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Actinobacillus salpingitidis
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Laying hens - Salpingitis/peritonitis
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Gallibacterium anatis
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Chickens - Peritonitis, may work in combo with E.coli
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Actinobacillus seminis
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Sheep - South Africa
Spread venereally, linked to abortions Normal flora of ram prepuce |
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Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
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Human endocarditis, meningitis, periodontitis
In dental plaque RTX leukotoxin |
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Haemophilus parasuis
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Swine - glasser's disease
- polyserositis, arthritis, meningitis Nasopharynx of normal swine Very contagious, aerosal/contact spread Confinement rearing increases spread |
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Haemophilus paragallinarum
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Chickens - Fowl coryza
Habitat - URT of birds, recovered birds are carriers Adults chickens - air sacculitis, turbinate inflamm, sneezing, loss of egg production Tx - usually not done |
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Histophilus somni
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Cows - TEME/respiratory disease
- 2-4 wks post-shipping, wet weather - neuro signs, anorexia, lameness, abortion, infertile, retained placenta Goat - Respiratory disease Habitat - URT, repro tract Endotoxin - O-Ag chain lacks complexity, LOS molecule (poor antigen, causes endothelial apoptosis) Releases adenine, guanine, GMP - helps intracellular survival Fc-receptor proteins Survives in blood monocytes Prooduces histamine -Type 1 rxn seen Patho -> Resp tract->fibrinous meningitis w/ thrombosis/necrosis Tx - Tetracycline |
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Haemophilus influenzae
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Only in humans, normal flora in respiratory tract
Meningitis, cellulitis, bacteremia, bronchitis Ig for type b capsule very protective |
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Taylorella equigenitalis
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Contagious equine metritis
Habitat - Clitoral fossa of mares, stallions carry on penis Localized infection of repro tract - lots of mucopurulent exudate. Not abortions. Strict regulations on importing horses to prevent spread |
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Bordetella pertussis
Bordetella parapertussis |
Humans - whooping cough
Less frequent, also in Lambs |
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Bordetella bronchiseptica
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Pig - Atrophic rhinitis
Dog - Kennel cough Cats, Rabbits, Seals - Resp infections Habitat - URT LPS, adenylate cyclase toxin, dermonecrotic toxin (cilial stasis), Histamine sensitizing factor Filamentous hemagglutinin -attach to cells Diff adhesins express at 23C & 37C Survives intracellularly |
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Fusobacterium necrophorum
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Swine - ulcerative stomatitis, Bullnose
Leukotoxoid vax |
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Dichelobacter nodosus
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Sheep - contagious food rot
- most warm condition, lush pature - Fuso invades first, damages epidermis - Nodosus protease digests hoof, produces heat stable soln factor -> stimulates Fuso - A. pyogenes remoes O2 Sheep/goat most patho, cows less, strains differ Obligate anaerobe Habitat - Obligate parasite of hoof - survives in soil a few days Ig against fimbrial antigens, but multiple types Tx - Depop/repop in 2 weeks |
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Brucella abortus
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Cow - Abortion at 6+ mos, pos. sterility
- Lg # shed in colostrum/milk - Infected for life Humans - Undulant fever Yellowstone Park bison, Jackson Hole Elk Endemic to Middle East/So. America Trans- Ingest contaminated food/H20 Localizes in placenta Epididymitis in bulls, decr fertility Erythritol - Produced in post-pubertal repro cow organsBurcel |
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Brucella melitensis
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Malta Fever
Goats in Mediterranean |
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Brucella suis
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Feral swine
Ingest contaminated feed/water, venerally |
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Bordetella bronchiseptica - Pig
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Atrophic rhinitis
Smooth phase attach via fimbriae to nasal cilia/bronchial epith -> ciliali stasis by dermonecrotic toxin, epith loss P. multocida works with it, may use fimbrial hemagglutinin from Bordetella - Multocida toxin damages osteoblasts -> short jaw, deviated snout Antibody-mediated immunity, severe problems use Rhinocell - mod. live intranasal |
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Bordetella bronchiseptica - Dog
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Kennel cough/tracheobronchitis
Via aerosal, adheres to tracheal cilia - > same as pigs, but epith remains 14 mos immunity post-recovery Attenuated live intranasal vax |
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Bordetella avium
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Turkey poults - Coryza; Chickens - minor disease
- catarrhal/suppurative rhinitis, sinusitis, can become chronic Habitat - Upper respiratory tract Water/Litter ingestion Attach to ciliated epith -> avoids clearance mech No vax, some give antibiotics afer hatching. Chlorinate H20 |
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Moraxella bovis
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Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pinkeye)
Habitat - conjunctiva, usually non-invasive Assoc. w/ dust, UV, face flies Fimbriae - attach to corneal epith Cytotoxin - RTX, lyses corneal epith/neutrophils Hemolysin - Correlates w/virulence Hyaluronidase, fibrinolysin, aminopeptidase - break down junctions btwn corneal epith, initiate inflamm Patho -Damage to cornea -> mycoplasma bovoculi damages further -> Moraxella invades, inflamm response -> cornea becomes opaque, ulcerate, pos. blindness |
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Moraxella ovis
Moraxella lacunata |
Pinkeye in sheep/cattle
Human pinkeye |
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Neisseria meningitidis
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Human meningitis
Habitat - Nasopharynx of humans, high in military recruits IgA - poor at fixing complement/opsonizing, when bound to Neisseria blocks IgM/G from opson & phago killing |
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Human gonorrhea
Lipooligosaccharide - Loss of ciliary activity -> sloughing of epith Peptidoglycan monomers - damage ciliated epith cells, activate complement IgA protease Patho - Colonize mucosal surface lined with columnar epith, attach w/pili & outer membr proteins -> invade cervix/urethra Transcytosed to basal surface of host cells |
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Francisella tularensis
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Rabbits- Tularemia
Biovar tularensis - North America only Biovar palaearctica - Beaver strain, Russia Biovar novicida - Human disease Ticks/rodents/rabbits - reservoir Infectious dose very low Rabbits - Small necrotic granulomatous foci Humans: Granulomatous nodules/ulcers. Pneumonic form if inhaled, typhoidal form if ingested - Survives in monocytes |
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Legionella pneumophila
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Lives in potable water, in parasites
Pneumonia/Pontiac fever |
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Heliobacter pylori
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Humans - acute gastritis
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Clostridium tetani
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Lockjaw
Soil, feces Tetanospasmin - Blocks neurotransmitter release (glycine) - binds to gangliosides near-irreversible, Ig not effective Hemolysin - Local necrosis Non-spasmogenic toxin - Binds to neuromuscular junction, function unknown Spore enters wound/low oxygen tension tissue (umbilical stump) 2 routes: Ascending - peripheral nerves Descending - hematogenous/lymph, classic lockjaw (head effected first) |
