Microbiology Test 2 Mr. Hackney

Front 1

Define metabolism.

Back 1

The total of all chemical reactions that take place in a cell or microbe.

Front 2

Define anabolism.

Back 2

the chemical reactions of metabolism involved in the synthesis of new compounds. (putting together)

Front 3

Define catabolism.

Back 3

The chimical reactions of metabolism involved in breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones.(taking apart)

Front 4

Give an example of a catabolic reaction.

Back 4

Glycolysis-the breaking down of glucose into pyruvic acid.

Front 5

Give an example of an anabolic reaction.

Back 5

The Calvin-Benson cycle-the formation of glucose from carbon dioxide.

Front 6

Define activation energy.

Back 6

Minimal energy raquired to start a chemical reaction.

Front 7

Define endergonic.

Back 7

a reaction that requires energy to occur.

Front 8

Define exergonic.

Back 8

a reaction that gives off energy.

Front 9

What is an enzyme?

Back 9

biological catalysts that reduce activation energy so reactions can occur at temps compatable with life.

Front 10

What is are active sites?

Back 10

Areas on all enzymes where substrates attach during reactions.

Front 11

Define lock-and-key mechanism.

Back 11

The theory that only one substrate fits with one enzyme the same as a unique key is required to open a certain lock.

Front 12

What are allosteric sites?

Back 12

Areas on enzymes where molecules other than substrates attach.

Front 13

Define a simple enzymes.

Back 13

proteins with catalytic activity. They help break things down. Usually digestive.

Front 14

Define complex enzyme.

Back 14

inactive protein plus its cofactor.

Front 15

The inactive protein part of the complex enzyme is known as what?

Back 15

apoenzyme

Front 16

The non protein portion of the complex enzyme, metallic ion derived from vitamins or the trace elements, or a coenzyme are called.

Back 16

cofactors

Front 17

What do we call an organic cofactor?

Back 17

coenzyme

Front 18

What is another name for a complete enzyme containing both the apoenzyme and the coenzyme?

Back 18

holoenzyme

Front 19

What are competitive inhibitors?

Back 19

chemical that bind to active sites not allowing the substrate to bind with the enzyme there by inhibiting the reaction.

Front 20

What are noncompetitive inhibitors?

Back 20

chemicals that bind to allosteric sites or cofactor there by inhibiting the reaction.

Front 21

A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell, catalyzed by enzymes is called a ___________ .

Back 21

metabolic pathway

Front 22

Excessive end product combining with allosteric sites on first enzyme in a metabolic pathway is known as _________ .

Back 22

feedback inhibition

Front 23

What are the two ways enzymes are named?

Back 23

Enzymes are either named for the reaction they catalyze or the substrate that they combine with.

Front 24

What is an exoenzymes?

Back 24

Enzymes that are secreted into the environment for digestive purposes.

Front 25

Define endoenzyme.

Back 25

Enzymes that function inside of the microbe these make the majority of the enzymes produced by microbes.

Front 26

Give five factors effecting the activity of enzymes.

Back 26

1)pH 2)concentration of substrate 3)competitive inhibitors 4)noncompetitive inhibitors 5)temperature

Front 27

What is the most common ending for the names of enzymes?

Back 27

-ase

Front 28

______, _______ and ________ are three external energy used by microbes.

Back 28

Oxidation of organic molecules, oxidation of inorganic molecules and sunlight

Front 29

What kind of organism uses the oxidation of inorganic molecules as an external energy source?

Back 29

An autotroph.

Front 30

Which orhanism oxidizes organic molecules for energy?

Back 30

Hetertrophs.

Front 31

Phototrophs use ________ as ther external energy source.

Back 31

sunlight

Front 32

An enzyme is said to be ________ when it loses it's shape and becomes useless.

Back 32

denatured

Front 33

At what temperature do most enzymes become denatured?

Back 33

70 degrees celciius

Front 34

What is substrate phosphorylation?

Back 34

The removal of high energy bond directly from substrate to ADP to form ATP.

Front 35

The synthesis of ATP from ADP by adding a second high energy bond and a phosphate group is _________ .

Back 35

phosphorylation

Front 36

ATP stands for

Back 36

Adenosine Triphosate

Front 37

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Back 37

In the electron transport system.

Front 38

What % of ATP produced in respiration is produced by oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 38

90%

Front 39

A chain of oxidation reduction reactions that produce ATP during respiration is known as the

Back 39

Electron Transport System

Front 40

What molecule is known as the energy currency of cells?

Back 40

ATP

Front 41

Where is the ETS found in eukaryotic cells?

Back 41

On the cristea of the mitochondria.

Front 42

The ETS is occurs where in the prokaryotic cell?

Back 42

On the inner wall of the plasma membrane.

Front 43

________ is the process by which organic molecules are broken down using ETS.

Back 43

Respiration

Front 44

The pathway that breaks down organic molecules without using an ETS is _________ .

Back 44

Fermentation

Front 45

What molecules is considered the hub of fermentation?

Back 45

Pyruvic acid

Front 46

Respiration is always anaerobic. True or False?

Back 46

False

Front 47

Respiration is always aerobic.
True or False?

Back 47

False

Front 48

Fermenation is typically _______, meaning it usually doesn't use oxygen.

Back 48

anaerobic

Front 49

Respiration uses both _____ and _____ phosphorylation where as fermentation only uses _________.

Back 49

Subsrate, oxidative, substrate

Front 50

In respiration one glucose molecule yeilds how many more ATP than in fermentation?

Back 50

36 more ATP are produced.

Front 51

How many ATP are produced in fermentation from one glucose molecule?

Back 51

2ATP

Front 52

Which of the final products of respiration are organic molecules?

Back 52

None- all products of respiration are inorganic.

Front 53

What are the products of respiration other that ATP?

Back 53

Water and carbon dioxide

Front 54

What are the most common products of fermentation?

Back 54

Acids and Alcohols

Front 55

______ and _______ are two practical application of fermentation of glucose by yeasts.

Back 55

Brewing and baking

Front 56

What are the reactants of the transition reaction?

Back 56

Pyruvic acid

Front 57

What are the products of the transition reaction?

Back 57

Acetyl Coa

Front 58

After the transition reaction where do the Acetyl Coa go and for what reaction.

Back 58

They travel to the matrix of the mitochondria and are used in the Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Front 59

What are the products of glycolysis?

Back 59

2pyruvic acid molecules per one molecule of glucose.

Front 60

How many ATP are given off in glycolysis form Substrate phosphorylation of a single glucose molecule?

Back 60

2 ATP - same as fermentation

Front 61

What is/are the terminal acceptor in the ETS in anaerobic respiration?

Back 61

inorganic molecules such as NO3, SO4, CO3,

Front 62

What is/are the terminal acceptor in the ETS in aerobic respiration?

Back 62

oxygen

Front 63

_____ ATP are produce from every NADH+H entering the ETS but only ______ are from FADH2-.

Back 63

3, 2

Front 64

Glycolysis produce how many NADH+H per glucose molecule?

Back 64

2

Front 65

2Carbon dioxide molecules, 3NADH+H, 1FADH2-, and 1 ATP from substrate phosphorylation are the products of what reaction?

Back 65

The Kreb's Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle

Front 66

What is the net energy gain from one gluecose molecule in the Kreb's cycle?

Back 66

24 ATPs

Front 67

What is the net energy gain from glycolysis?

Back 67

8 ATPs

Front 68

What is the energy gain from the transition reaction from substrate phosphorylation.

Back 68

none

Front 69

What are the products of the transition reaction from one glucose molecule?

Back 69

2 Acetyl Coa, 2NADH+H, 2 carbon dioxide molecules.

Front 70

If the transition reaction produces 2 NADH+H what will be the ATP produced by the ETS?

Back 70

6 ATP

Front 71

What is/are the reactant in glycolysis?

Back 71

glucose

Front 72

What is Chemiosmosis?

Back 72

process by which ATP is produced during the electron transport system in prokaryotic microbes.

Front 73

Process by which protons are transported across the plasma membrane then dirruce back across the membrane through channels with enzymes producing ATP is known as __________.

Back 73

Chemiosmosis

Front 74

What % of energy in glucose is released as heat during respiration.

Back 74

60%

Front 75

What are the four parts of respiration in order?

Back 75

Glycolysis-The Transiition reaction-Kreb's Cycle(citric Acid)-Electron Transporty Sustem

Front 76

C6H12O6 + __a__ ---> __b__ + 6H2O + __c_ ATP + ___d___

Back 76

a)6O2 b)6CO2 c)38 d)heat

Front 77

What term describes the acaerobic oxidation of organic molecules occur producing foul smelling gas?

Back 77

Putrefaction

Front 78

______ microbes only produce lactic acid during fermentation.

Back 78

Homofermentative (homolactic)

Front 79

Microbes that ferment glucose and can produce lactic acid as well other acids or gases are called __________ .

Back 79

Heterofermentative (heterolactic)

Front 80

______ & _______ produce by yeasts during fermentation are used in brewing and baking.

Back 80

Ethyl alcohol & carbon dioxide

Front 81

What one reaction takes part in both respiration and fermentation.

Back 81

Glycolysis

Front 82

Glucose +2 ATP -----> 2 pyruvic acids + 4 ATP ----> 2 Ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 is the summary of what reaction.

Back 82

alcohol fermentation

Front 83

The molecule at the end of the ETS that combines with the electron and carries off becoming a waste product is called.

Back 83

Terminal electron acceptor

Front 84

What is the universal terminal electron acceptor for ETS in aerobic respiration?

Back 84

oxygen

Front 85

The type of reaction where one molecule loses H2 or e- which another accepts is called _________.

Back 85

oxidation - reduction

Front 86

What type of reaction is a source of usable energy for all microbes?

Back 86

Oxidation - reduction

Front 87

CO2 + NADP+H + ATP ---6 times--> C6H12O6 is the summary of what chemical reaction in microbes.

Back 87

Calvin-Benson cycle

Front 88

Algae, cyanobacteria, and purple & green sulfur bacteria are examples of type of microbes?

Back 88

Photosynthetic microbes

Front 89

What type of photophosphorylation is occuring when the excited electron passes through carriers then back to the same chlorophyl?

Back 89

cyclic photophosphorylation

Front 90

What type of photophosphorylation occurs whithout oxygen and is noncyclic?

Back 90

Anoxygenic Photophosphorylation

Front 91

What are the products of cyclic photophosphorylation.

Back 91

Only ATP

Front 92

What is the term given to the splitting of water during the light reaction in algea and cyanobacteria?

Back 92

photolysis

Front 93

The reduction of NADP to NADPH and the production of ATP through excited electrons transported by carriers through a series of reaction similar to ETS in the presents of light.

Back 93

What is the light reaction? and I bet $2,000 Alex.

Front 94

What differentiates between anoxygenic from oxygenic photophosphorylation?

Back 94

Oxygenic produces oxygenic by photolysis where as anoxygenic does not.

Front 95

The Dark reaction is dependent on light. True or False?

Back 95

False - it is only dependent on the products of the light reaction.

Front 96

Type of photophosphorylation where the electron lost by the chloryphyl is replace by the process of photolysis.

Back 96

Noncyclic photophosphorylation.

Front 97

The oxygen we breath is primarily produced by what reaction that accurs during noncylcic photophosphorylation?

Back 97

photolysis

Front 98

What are the reactants of the Dark reaction and where are the derived?

Back 98

NADPH & ATP from the Light reaction.