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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why do microbes need carbon?
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It is required to synthesize organic components.
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Why do microbes need energy source?
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It is needed for living processes which require energy.
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Why do microbes need nitrogen?
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For the synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids & amino acids.
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Why do microbes need phosphorous?
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For the synthesis of phospholipids for membranes & nucleic acids.
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Why do microbes need sulfur?
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Needed for the synthesis of some proteins.
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Why do microbes need trace elements?
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Many are cofactors for enzyme function.
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Why do microbes need water?
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H2O comprises 80% of cytoplasm, it is a solvent and suspending agent, it required for all chemical reactions within the cell.
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What are the five elements required by microbes in moderate amounts?
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SCIMP-Sodium(Na), Calcium(Ca), Iron(Fe), Magnesium(Mg), Potasium(K)
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Name some of the trace elements.
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Zinc, Nickel, Cobalt, Copper, Manganese
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Define autotroph.
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A microbe that is able to fix CO2 from the air as their only carbon source.
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Define heterotroph.
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A microbe that cannot use CO2 out of the air therefore must have organic sources of carbon.
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Define phototroph.
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A microbe that uses light as an energy source.
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Define chemotroph.
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A microbe that is able to oxidize both organic & inorganic molecules as an energy source.
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Define growth medium.
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A nutrient suspension used to cultivate microbes.
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Define and give examples of a photoheterotroph.
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A microbe that requires one or more organic molecules as a source of carbon and uses light as it's energy source.-purple nonsulfur bacteria
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Define and give examples of a photoautotroph.
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A microbe that uses CO2 as it's carbon source and light as it's energy source.-algea & cyanobacteria
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Define and give examples of a chemoautotroph.
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A microbe that uses CO2 as it's carbon source and oxidizes inorganic molecules for energy.-iron bacteria & nitrogen bacteria in soil
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Define and give examples of a chemoheterotroph.
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Microbes that require organic molecules for carbon source and oxidizes organic molecules for inergy.-most bacteria, fungi, & protozoa
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Define and give examples of an acidophile.
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Microbe that has optimum growth at pH 0-6.5.-molds & fungi
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Define alkalophile and give an example.
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Microbes that has optimum at a pH range of 8.0-14.0.-alkaligenes(Vibrio cholera)
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Define neutrophile and give an example.
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Microbe that has optimum at a pH range of 6.5-7.5.-most human pathogens
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Define psychrophile.
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Microbes that have optimal growth from 0-20 degrees celcius.
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Define mesophile.
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Microbes that have optimal growth from 25-40 degrees celcius.
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Define psychrotroph.
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Mesophiles that have growth below 20 degrees celcius.
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Define thermophile.
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Microbes that have optimal growth from 40-100 degrees celcius.
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Define hyperthermophiles.
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Thermophiles that have optimal growth at 80-100 degrees celcius.
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Define aerobe.
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Microbes that require oxygen at some level to survive.
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Define obligate aerobe.
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Microbes that require atmospheric oxygen levels(21%)
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Define microaerophile.
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Microbes that require lower than 21% oxygen for optimal growth.
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Define anaerobe.
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Microbes that don't require oxygen and can grow without it.
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Define aerotolerant anaerobe.
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Microbes that don't depend on oxygen either way. Oxygen levels have no effect.
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Define facultative anaerobe.
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Microbes that have optimal with oxygen but are capable of growth without it.
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Define obligate anaerobe.
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Microbes that cannot grow in the presents oxygen.
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Define capnophile.
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Aerobe that 3% to 10% for optimal growth.
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Define facultative halophile.
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Halophile that can grow in an isotonic and hypertonic(2%-10%) salt solution.
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Define obligate halophile.
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Halophile that can not grow in an isotonic solution and must have a hypertonic(15%-30%)salt solution.
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Define halophile.
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Microbe that require or tolerate high salt environments.
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Where would you find obligate halophiles growing.
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Dead Sea or Salt pits
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Define osmophile.
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Microbe that grows in a high sugar or salt environment.
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What are some examples of osmophiles?
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Molds & Yeasts
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What is plasmolysis?
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The shrinking of the cytoplasm away from the cell wall due to lack of water due to being in a hypertonic environment.
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What is turgor pressure?
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The pressure of the cellular membrane pressing against the cell wall from taking more water than the cell can hold due to being in a hypotonic solution.
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane due to a difference in concentration.
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Define isotonic and how it effects microbes placed in this environment.
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Environment haveing the same concentration of water and solute inside and outside the cell and causes no change in the cell.
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Define hypertonic and how it effects microbes placed in this environment.
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Environment haveing a higher solute levels and lower water levels outside the cell and cause water to move out of the cell(plasmolysis)
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Define hypotonic and how it effects microbes placed in this environment.
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Environment haveing lower solute levels and higher levels of water outside the cell and causes water to move into the cell and usually lysis occurs.
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True or False? A hypotonic solution has the greatest affect on microbial growth.
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False (Hypertonic) due to lack of water inside the cell.
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What are the three divisions of microbes by pH.
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Acidophiles,
alkalophiles, & neutrophiles. |
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What are the three main divisions of microbes my temperature.
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Psychrophiles, mesophiles, & thermophiles.
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What do we call the microbe that has better growth in the presents of oxygen but can grow without it?
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Facultative anaerobe
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What is the name for a microbe that uses organic molecules for carbon and oxidizes organic molecules for energy?
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Chemoheterotroph
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What are the Cardinal temperatures?
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Maximum temperature, minimum temperature, optimum temperature.
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Name four factors effecting microbial growth.
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1. temperature, 2. pH, 3. free oxygen, 4. osmotic pressure of environment
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Give an example of a psychrotroph.
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listeria monocytogenes
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Name three places on earth that thermophiles can be found.
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1. hot springs and geysers,2. ocean vents,3. compost piles.
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What is PCR and what microbe is connected with it?
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Polymerase Chain Reaction-a technique used to make many duplicate copies of DNA molecules and requires high temperatures.-thermophiles
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What is pH?
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The concentration of hydrogen ions H+. The scale ranges from 0-14. with 7 being nuetral.
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A solution that has a pH of 2 has more hydroxyl ions that hydrogen ions. True or False?
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False-the more hydroxyl ions a solution has the more basic it is.
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What is a buffer and how is itused in microbial growth?
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A solution that maintains constant pH and used to hold a media at the right pH for optimal growth of the microbe present.
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Why does extreme heat and pH affect microbial growth and why?
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They inhibit growth due to inhibiting the functionality of enzymes by denaturing them.
microbes require enzymes for many living functions. |
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What factors cause bacteria to die in an aging culture?
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The number of bacteria is to great there fore the nutrients may be used up or the waste products may become toxic.(ie.extreme pH)
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What are SOD and catalase.
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enzymes needed to break down the toxic ptoducts when oxygen is used.
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Which microbes lack SOD and catalase therefore making oxygen deadly to them.
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obligate anaerobes
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The fact that fermentation by facultative anaerobes is inhibited by high levels of oxygen is known as .....
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The Pasteur effect
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