Microbiology Test 2 For O'donovan

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The removal(loss) of electrons from an atom or molecule.

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Oxidation

Front 2

The acceptance(gain) of electrons from an atom or molecule.

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Reduction

Front 3

Defined as the partial oxidation of glucose and other carbohydrates in the complete absence of molecular O2.

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Fermentation

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The final electron acceptor in fermentation, which is always an organic molecule.

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Pyruvic Acid

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The universal electron acceptor in catalysis

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NAD+

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Compounds that accept electrons.

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Oxidizing Agents

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Defined as the complete oxidation of glucose and other carbohydrates to CO2+H2O.

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Respiration

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The final electron acceptor in respiration, which is always an inorganic compound.

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O2

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Organisms that can grow in both oxygen or the absence of oxygen. (E. coli and all enteric bacteria)

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Facultative Anaerobes

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Organisms that require oxygen at all times.

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Strict Aerobes

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Organisms that die in the presence of oxygen.

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Strict Anaerobes

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Form of respiration using electron acceptors other than oxygen (O2) such as (NO3-).

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Anaerobic Respiration

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The partial oxidation of glucose and other carbohydrates to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid.

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Alcohol Fermentation

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The final electron acceptor in alcohol fermentation.

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Acetaldehyde (CH3CHO)

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During the course of normal (aerobic) metabolism, ------- are produced.

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Toxic Compounds

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All aerobic and facultative anaerobic organisms contain both these enzymes.

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Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase

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Organisms that lack both superoxide dismutase and catalase and thus cannot tolerate even minute concentrations of oxygen.

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Strict Anaerobes (Clostridium, Desulfovibrio,...)

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Its presence allows lactic acid bacteria like streptococcus, lactobacillus, and enterococcus, which lacks catalase, to tolerate O2.

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Peroxidase

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Orgamisms that like minute amounts of oxygen.

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Microaerophiles

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Organisms that use CO2 as a sole carbon source and inorganic compounds as the source of electrons.

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Chemoautotrophs

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Use organic compounds as sources of carbon and energy(electrons).

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Chemoheterotrophs

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CO2 as carbon source. Light splits H2O --> electrons.

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Photoautotrophs

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Organic carbon, light energy

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Photoheterotrophs

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2 Reducing Agents

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H2 and NADH+H

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2 Oxidizing Agents

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O2 and NAD+

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The phototrophic process where light energy is captured and stored as ATP, without the production of oxygen.

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Anoxygenic Photosynthesis

Front 27

Use of light energy to synthesise ATP and NADPH by noncyclic photophosphorylation with the production of oxygen from water.

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Oxygenic Photosynthesis

Front 28

A mechanism utilized by bacteria to transport a compound into their cell by first allowing the compound to bind with protein on the cell surface followed by altering its chemical structure during its passage across the membrane.

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Group Translocation

Front 29

A kind of transport wherein ions or molecules move against a concentration gradient, which means movement in the direction opposite that of diffusion – or – movement from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence, this process will require expenditure of energy, and the assistance of a type of protein called a carrier protein.

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Active Transport

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An organism, such as a strain of bacteria, that has lost the ability to synthesize certain substances required for its growth and metabolism as the result of mutational changes.

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Auxotroph

Front 31

Enzymes made entirely of RNA with no amino acids. (RNA Catalyst)

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Ribozyme

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A piece of DS-DNA, about 1000 bp in length (1 kb) that makes a product, which may be RNA only or RNA and protein (mostly).

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Classic Bacterial Gene

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Discovered that eukaryotic genes were much larger than bacterial genes with an average size of 10-20 kb.

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Phillip Sharp

Front 34

The protein-coding region in the DNA.

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Exon

Front 35

A noncoding sequence of DNA within a gene.

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Intron

Front 36

Discovered Ribozyme (RNA Catalyst)

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Thomas Cech and Sid Altman

Front 37

More than one protein can be made from the same piece of DNA.

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Overlapping Viral Gene

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The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) from its surrounding and taken up through the cell membrane(s).

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Transformation

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First to demonstrate the process of transformation.

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Frederick Griffith

Front 40

The process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus.

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Transduction

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A virus that infects bacterial cells.

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Bacteriophage

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The process by which any bacterial gene may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage, and typically carries only bacterial DNA and no viral DNA.

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Generalized Transduction

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The process by which genes that are near the bacteriophage genome may be transferred to another bacterium via a bacteriophage.

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Specialized Transduction

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The transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells.

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Conjugation

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Proved that the transforming principle was the DNA.

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Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

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First discovered F plasmid.

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William Hayes

Front 47

Showed that the bacterium Escherichia coli entered a sexual phase during which it could share genetic information through bacterial conjugation.

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Lederberg and Tatum

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Father of recombinant DNA.

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Herb Boyer

Front 49

Cuts palindromic sequences on both strands, between the G and A, which leaves sticky ends.

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Restriction Endonuclease

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Tested the enzyme(Restriction endonuclease), which Boyer discovered, found that it cuts all DNAs leaving cohesive(sticky) ends.

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Janet Mertz and Ron Davis

Front 51

Invented the U-tube, where conjugation cannot occur.

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Bernard Davis

Front 52

Discovered catalytic abilities of RNA.

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Cech and Altman

Front 53

Showed that restriction endonuclease are defense mechanisms for the cell to chop up any foreign DNA with the given sequence.

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Arber, Smith, and Nathans

Front 54

Saw that plasmids can be used as vehicles to transport DNA.

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Stanley Cohen

Front 55

Successfully made recombinant molecules by mixing plasmids with cohesive ends with foreign DNA with the same cohesive ends. DNA ligase sewed the pieces together.

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Berg, Jackson, and Symons

Front 56

Used to add sticky ends to blunt-ended sequences.

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Terminal Transferase

Front 57

Can be used to ferry foreign genes into plants, which made plants resistant to viruses and pesticides.

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Tumor Inducing plasmid (Agrobacterium tumefaciens)

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Plants with expressed foreign genes.

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Transgenic Plants

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A mouse highly prone to breast cancer.

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Oncomouse

Front 60

A protease that dissolves blood clots.

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Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA)

Front 61

a type of mutation that causes The replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic material, DNA or RNA.

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Point Mutation

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A point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

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Missense Mutation

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A point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product.

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Nonsense Mutation

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The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.

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Frameshift Insertion

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A mutation in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is missing.

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Frameshift Deletion

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Two domains of prokaryotes

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Archaea and Bacteria

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Two domains of prokaryotes

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Archaea and Bacteria

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Study of fungi

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Mycology

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Study of fungi

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Mycology

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Chemoheterotrophic organisms that must consume performed organic matter.

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Fungi

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Chemoheterotrophic organisms that must consume performed organic matter.

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Fungi

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Organisms which obtain nutrients from dead organic matter

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Saprophytes

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Organisms which obtain nutrients from dead organic matter

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Saprophytes

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Need 11 base pairs

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Streptococcus, Bacillus and Haemophilus

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Need 10 base pairs

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Neisseria

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Union of two or more cells with preservation of the individual nuclei; formation of a plasmodium.

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Plasmogamy

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The fusion of two nuclei

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Karyogamy

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The whole body of the fungus

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Thallus

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Non-septate, multinucleate cells

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Coenocytic

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A mass of hypae, which supports the nutrition of the organism

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Mycelium

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Used to describe the condition of spores or hyphae in terms of having or lacking a septa to divide cells.

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Septate

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A long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus.

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Hyphae

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Non-photosynthetic, unicellular eukaryotes

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Protozoa

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Study of algae

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Phycology

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Aerobic eukaryons which carry out plant photosynthesis.

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Algae

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The science of classifying organisms.

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Taxonomy

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The science of classifying organisms.

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Taxonomy

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A genetic element in bacteria that can replicate free in the cytoplasm or can be inserted into the main bacterial chromosome and replicate with the chromosome.

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Episome

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The ability of bacteria to be genetically transformable.

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Competent

Front 90

A complex branched glucan, discovered by Louis Pasteur.

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Dextran

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Possess an F plasmid that also includes some DNA taken from the bacterial genome.

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F prime

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An infectious disease that damages the structures of teeth.

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Dental Carries

Front 93

A DNA molecule that is separate from and can replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA.

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Plasmid

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Sexual spore of Rhizopus

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Zygospore

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Causative agent for the Irish potato famine.

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Phytophthora infestans

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A poisonous mushroom

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Amanita

Front 97

A relatively weak attraction b/t a hydrogen atom carrying a partial positive charge and an oxygen or nitrogen atom carrying a partial negative charge, as found in nucleic acids.

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Hydrogen Bond

Front 98

A chemical bond that occurs when a metal combines with a non-metal where electrons are transferred from the atoms of the metal to those of the non-metal.

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Ionic Bond

Front 99

The bond formed by the condensation reaction b/t the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid.

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Peptide Bond

Front 100

Atoms of non-metals bond to each other by sharing one or more pairs of electrons.

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Covalent Bond

Front 101

Fats are formed by dehydration synthesis of reactions that form this bond b/t a glycerol molecule and a fatty acid molecule.

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Ester Bond

Front 102

A protozoan that moves by flagella and causes dysentery.

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Giardia lamblia

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This protozoan causes malaria

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Plasmodium falciparum

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Source of agar

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Red Algae

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Causative organism of red tides which kill fish and produce nerve toxin for humans.

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Dinoflagellates

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The causative organism of a rare form of encephalitis in young swimmers; always fatal.

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Naegleria fowleri

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A fungus that divides by binary fission

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Schizosaccharomyces

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A parasitic protozoan with no flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

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Sporozoite

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A sexual spore in fungi

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Zygospore

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Organisms which produce a powerful nerotoxin that is transmitted in shellfish

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Clostridium Botulinum