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186 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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void of bacteria
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sterile
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mechanical ways of sterilization
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scrubbing or removal
filtration |
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heating ways of sterilization
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moist heat
dry heat |
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intermittent sterilization between growth periods to eliminate spore-formers
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tyndallization
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absorbed by nucleic acids; free radicals and pyrimidine dimers; non-ionizing and non-penetrating; UV lamps
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ultraviolet radiation
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breaks in DNA; endospores; viruses and yeasts more resistant due to efficient DNA repair
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gamma, x-ray and other ionizing radiation
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energy absorbed by water
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microwave
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cavitation bubbles form; then collapse in a liquid environment; cleaning action
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sonication
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killing of vegetative cells; inanimate object
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disinfection
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agent which kills vegetative cells; inanimate object
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disinfectant
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killing of vegetative cells on living tissues
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antisepsis
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agent which kills vegetative cells on living tissues
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antiseptic
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mechanical removal; inanimate object
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sanitization
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mechanical removal; living tissue
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degermation
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destruction or removal of all viable microorganisms
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germicide sterilization
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surfactant and detergant; disrupts cell membrane, denatures some protein
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emulsifying agents
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anti-gonococcal in newborns eyes, mouth ulcers and root canals, burns
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silver nitrate
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disrupts protein function
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alcohols
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somewhat more bacteriocidal than ETOH and cheaper, toxic fumes
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isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol
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greater than 50% will dissolve cell membrane lipids and denature proteins
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ethyl (ETOH) alcohol
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binds to nucleic acids
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aldehydes
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toxic and carcinogenic; fixation and embalming fluid
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formaldehyde
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water saturated formaldehyde; disinfectant
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formalin
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excellent disinfectant @ 2%, non-corrosive, relatively non-toxic, active in the presence of organic matter, and effective sporicide and sterilant; unstable
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glutaraldehyde
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bind to nucleic acids, disrupts cell membranes and denatures proteins, phenol
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phenolics
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lysol, cresol (phenol + detergent)
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alkylated phenol
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cholorine added to phenol ring
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chlorinated phenol
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two phenol rings joined, often has added chlorine; hexachlorophene, amphyl and triclosan
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bishpenol
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organic base + chlorine + bisphenol
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chlorhexidine
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iodine, chlorine, bleach, chlorine gas, hypochloris acid
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oxidizing compounds
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halogens
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fluorine and bromine
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H2O2, incomplete reduction and unstable; used by immune system cells; especially useful against anaerobes
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hydrogen peroxide
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other oxidizing agents
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ozone and peracentric acid
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penetrating gas, even though some plastics, bind to nucleic acids
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ethylene and propylene
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aniline, narrow spectrum gram (+) and fungi; Ehrlich use of arsenical salvarsan for syphilis
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Dye
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rapid killing; statsis much less desirable
low toxicity to host stable at control concentrations residual activity not inactivated or tied up by organic matter non-corrosive |
chemical control
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synthetic drugs
antibiotics antifungal antiviral antiparasitic |
synthetic drugs
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1935; Domagk
bacteria make folic acid toxic symptoms: depression and hallucination most gram (+)'s some gram (-)'s Chlamydia Actinomycetales |
Sulfonamide
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affects Gram (+) and fungi
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narrow spectrum antibiotics
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affects several groups
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broad spectrum antibiotics
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affects synthesis of folate
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trimethoprim
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affects DNA cross-links
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chloroquinone (antimalarial)
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affects DNA unwinding
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quinolones (ciprofloxacin)
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matabolic analog of purines and pyrimidine inserts into viral DNA versus slowed eukaryotic replication
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acyclovir (antiviral)
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natural waste product; survival of the fittest (evolutionary significance)
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antibiotics
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antibiotics that blocks cell wall synthesis, affects cross-linking of peptidoglycan and semisynthesis
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beta-lactams
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prevents maturation of viral protein
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protease inhibitors
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hypersensitivity - allergies
toxicity - organs replacement flora (yeast infection) drug resistance |
side effects of antibiotics
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drug resistance after antibiotic use
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random mutations
plasmid R factors selection of resistance bacteria synthesis of enzymes to inactivate beta-lactamase |
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antibiotic
blue-green molds Sir Alexander Fleming Florey and Chain Americans produced it during WWII interferes w/ cell wall synthesis non-toxic except for hypersynsitivity Gram (+) Staphylococcus Enterotococcus Streptococcus Pneumonococcus Gram (-) Meningococcus Gonococcus spirochete of syphilis RESISTANT in some Staphylococcus and Gonococcus |
Penicillin
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protein synthesis
broad spectrum gram (-) and acid-fast toxicity - deafness resistance poor oral absorption |
Streptomycin
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inhibits protein synthesis
broad spectrum - gram (+), some gram (-) and mycoplasma oral; nontoxic Streptomyces spp. |
Erythromycin - Macrolide
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cell wall synthesis
gram (+) use as local or topical; systemic use can cause kidney damage Bacillus subtilis |
Bacitracin
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protein synthesis; bacteriostatic
very broad spectrum - gram (+), some gram (-), Rickettsia, Chlamydia Natural and semi-synthetic - Streptomyces spp. Oral side effects: irritate GI tract, discolor teeth, anti-oral contraceptive |
Tetracycline
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antifungal, do not affect bacteria
affects ergosterol (not cholesterol) most antifungals attack all eukaryotic cells streptomyces |
Amphotericin B.
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broad spectrum - gram (+), some gram (-), Rickettsia spp & Salmonella typhi
Streptomyces spp. - synthestically produced today protein synthesis, bacteriostatic side effects - depresses bone marrow; circulatory collapse in newborns (Gray baby syndrome) penetrates CNS oral or IV |
Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)
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erythromycin, vancomycin, rifampin (mycobacterium) and clindamycin
Streptomyces spp. Protein synthesis |
Macrolides
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eukaryotic cells
macrolide polyenes griseofulvin azoles |
antifungal
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systemic fungal infections, nystatin for topical dermatophytes
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Macrolide polyenes
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systemic for dermatophyte infections
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Griseofulvin
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ketoconazole for systemic fungal infections; miconazole for topical dermatophytes
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Azoles
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in early stage of development
hard to kill without harming/killing host Purine and pyrimidine analogs protease inhibitors uncoat interferon |
Antiviral
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nucleic acid function; acyclovir, AZT
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purine and pyrimidine analogs
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maturation of viral protein
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protease inhibitors
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amantidine, ranitidine, give early
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uncoat
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side effects; combined therapies
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interferon
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difficulties in drug therapy, attempts to kill all stages of parasite
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antiparastic
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loss of reproductive potential
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microbial death
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numbers
mixture temperature pH presence of interfering organic matter concentration of agent contact time of agent mode of action of agent |
factors of microbial death
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ecological balanced, can be upset by modifying environment, skin, mucous membrane surfaces, mouth, nasopharynx, eyes, ears, GI tract, respiratory tract, end of urethra
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natural flora
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systems lacking microorganisms
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circulatory system, central nervous system, urinary tract
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test which tells how much organism is in the body
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titer
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outside source
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exogenous
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endogenous
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normal flora or latent pathogen (already in body)
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infection occurs to rapidly that the body does not have time to mount a specific immune defense, often rapid fatal due to shock
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peracute
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rapid onset, development and decline
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acute
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slower onset, development and decline
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chronic
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Epstein-Barr, herpes zoster, herpes simplex 1 & 2, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, damages by gradual destruction of target organ
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latent
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spread host to host by direct or indirect contact; portals of exit and entry direct (same spp or different spp)
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communicable disease
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person to person transmission - sex, kissing, blood, direct contact w/ aerosols, droplets and residues
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horizontal
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parent to offspring transmission
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vertical
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degree of pathogenicity (ability to cause a disease); easily transmitted, especially by direct contact
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contagious
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singular events, portals of exit and entry seperate; food; fomites, contact w/ aerosols, droplet nuclei and residues w/ pathogens
- environment - compromised (weakened) host |
non-communicable disease
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coagulates fibrin to form clots, clumps bacteria together
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coagulase
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dissolves fibrin clots
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kinase
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hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid
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Hyaluronidase
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destroys phagocytes
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leukocidin
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destroys RBC's; weakens host
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hemolysin
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hydrolyzes protein
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proteinase
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digests protective mucous coating
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mucinase
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fungal; nails
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keratinase
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connective tissue
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collagenase
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spread beyond site of infection
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toxins
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produced inside the cell but function elsewhere
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exotoxins
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tetanus and diptheria, botulism and staphylococcal food poisoning
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exotoxins
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typhoid fever, samonellosis and brucellosis, shock, endotoxic shock, septicemia
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endotoxins
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from within a host cell; virus
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intra-phagocyte
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portal of entry: skin
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Propionibacterium acnes
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portal of entry: GI tract
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Helicobacter pylori, polio, rotavirus, hepatitis A, cysts of various protzoans
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portal of entry: Respiratory tract
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many bacteria, viruses, fungi
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portal of entry: urogenital tract
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syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, genital warts, herpes, HIV, hepatitis B, Trichomonas, Candida albicans
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portal of entry: mother's blood
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HIV, syphilis, rubella, toxoplasmosis, CMV
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portal of entry: birth canal
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streptococcus B, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, herpes
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acronym for common neonatal and fetal infections
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"STORCH"
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portal of exit: suspended droplets
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chickenpox, measles, influenza, SAS, infectious mononucleosis, rabies, mumps, TB
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portal of exit: skin
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smallpox, herpes simples, warts and fungal infections
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portal of exit: urogenital
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leptospirosis or STD
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portal of exit: blood
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HIV, hepatitis B
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primary habitat for the pathogen
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resevoir
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time between entrance of parasite and appearance of symptoms
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incubation period
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general symptoms are present
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period of prodromal symptoms
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acute phase with specific symptoms of disease, often with high fever and chills
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period of acme
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period where symptoms subside, fever breaks, sweating
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period of decline or defervescence
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body systems return to normal
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period of covalescence
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nonpathogenic
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Level 1 of contagion
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moderate pathogen; readily transmitted
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level 2 of contagion
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virulent pathogen; readily transmitted
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level 3 of contagion
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deadly pathogen, transmission varies, but highly virulent
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level 4 of contagion
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study of frequency and distribution of a disease within a population
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epidemiology
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number of cases compared to the general population
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prevalence
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measure of death due to dease in a population
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mortality
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measure of incidence of disease, both fatal and non fatal, within a population
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morbidity
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occurs at a constant frequency in a population
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endemic
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few cases at unpredictable times and locations
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sporadic
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sudden outbreak of disease in large number of individuals, beyond expecations
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epidemic
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worldwide epidemic
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pandemic
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reported cases usually fewer than actual cases
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"Iceberg" effect
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unusual concentrations of cases that may indicate a common cause or relationship
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clusters
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implies personal contact
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direct transmission
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by some intermediate means, such as fomites
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indirect transmission
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infected hosts that show no signs of illness, common during convalescence, sometimes persist a long time after recovery
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carrier
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aerosol droplets from cough or sneeze, water droplets from humidifier or respiratory equipment
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airborne
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insect or insect-like creatures that transfer a pathogen from one host to another
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arthropod vectors
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animal infections that may spread to humans
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zoonoses
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free of organisms
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axenic
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defined intestinal microbes given to axenic animals to study affects
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gnotobiotic
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diseases acquired during stay in hospital
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nosocomial infections
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ventilation, total personnel protection, sterilization of used equipment and disposables
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strict isolation level
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similar to strict, however aim is to keep patient isolated from exposure to normal microbes; compromised immune system
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protective isolation level
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attaches to prions in blood
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plasminogen
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gastic juice, saliva and tears, sweat, sebum, plasminogen, fibrionectin, lactoferrin, acute phase reactants, prostatic antibacterial factor, inhibitory metabolites, opsonin
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chemical barriers of defense
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glycoprotein that blocks attachment sites for some Staphs and Streps on host cells
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fibronectin
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forms Fe complexes
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lactoferrin
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changes in plasma associated with acute infection
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acute phase reactants
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zinc-containing polypetide
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prostatic antibacterial factor
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anything that increases the effectiveness of phagocytosis
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opsonin
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fluid part of blood
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plasma
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neutral in color, very phagocytic
acute inflammation |
neutrophil
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in tissues or lymph, called mast cells, histamine, allergic reactions
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basophil
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allergies
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eosinophil
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biggest WBC, septic shock, HIV
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monocytes
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function in specific immune responses, B cells, T cells
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lymphocytes
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percent of lymphatic fluid that is dumped back into the general circulation
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90%
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swelling of lymph nodes
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lymphadenopathy
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active areas of antibody production
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germinal centers
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largest lymph organ
filters blood, not lymph |
spleen
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site of lymphocytes and germinal centers producing antibody
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white pulp
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site of macrophage destruction
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red pulp
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predisposed to rupture by trauma or cellular enlargement
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capsule
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located behind sternum, large until puberty, then atrophies
maturation of T cells and dev. of immunocompetence |
thymus
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dead WBCs, tissue cells, bacteria and serum
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pus
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no pus formation
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cellulitis
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sphere surrounded by fibrous connective tissue
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granuloma
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any substance capable of specifically activating B cells
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antigens
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proteins have multiple epitopes and carbs have repeating epitopes
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antigen generator
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non-antigenic molecule combined with a host protein - poison ivy
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hapten
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host molecule combined with immune system
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autoantigen
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pathogen and host antigen similar enoguh to produce a cross reaction
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heterophile antigen
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gourps of related antigens
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alloantigen
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bacterial proteins producing over-stimulation of immune system
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superantigens
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entraps antigen in mucin, role in clearing antigen/antibody complex
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IgA
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b cell receptor
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IgB
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combines w/ mast and basophil cells
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IgE
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can cross placenta and activate complement
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IgG
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activates complement and is first antibody produced with B cell activation and acute infection
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IgM
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upon re-exposure to antigen, respond quickly
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memory cells
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sensitized body reacts with exaggerated response to antigen on second contact
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hypersensitivity
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appears suddenly and disappears within 1 to 4 hours
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immediate hypersensitivity
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appears about 48 hours after exposure to antigen and slowly subsides
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delayed hypersensitivity
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IgE based, allergen, local reactions - rash or hives
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Type 1
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IgG based, target is cell membrane
thrombocytopenia goodpasture's syndrome hemolytic anemia myasthenia gravis rheumatic fever or rheumatic heart disease |
Type 2
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IgG based, activation of inflammation
glomerulonephritis vasculitis arthritis |
Type 3
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T cell or cellular mediated
juvenile diabetes multiple sclerosis rheumatoid arthritis |
Type 4
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antibodies following upper respiratory infection attack of peripheral nerves
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Guillan-Barre
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antibodies attack adrenal glands results in hormonal imbalances, darkening skin, abdominal pain and possible coma
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Addison's disease
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hyperthyroid disease
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Grave's disease
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