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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 factors pertaining to agents that control microorganisms?
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-Amount
-time -temeprature |
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What is significant about the amount of substance used to control microorgansism?
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chemicals-concentration-bleach, alcohol, and phenol
physical- intensity-heat raidiation -as con. incrases, effectivness increases |
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How is time significant for substances that control microorgansisms?
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-alcohol-15min
-autoclave (126.5 deg.)-15 min, good enough to kill spores -longer the time, the more effective (up to 15 min) -works as long as microb is cidal |
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How is temperature significant to substances that control microbs?
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-higher the temp, the more effective
-10 deg C rise doubles rxn rule -room temp- 25 deg C -body temp.- 37 deg C -10 deg c drop halves rxn rule -ex. bochilism is caused by clostridium botulum (G+, rod, spores) |
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At what temp. is bacterial cidal?
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-from 113 deg C to 135 deg C
-the hotter it is, the shorter it takes to kill microb. |
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At what conentration is microbs cidal?
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-from 1-5%
-higher the conc. the shorter it takes to kill microbes |
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How is a the load a factor pertainign to an organism in controllign a microb?
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-the greater the load, the longer it takes fro sterilization
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How long does it usually take to kill 1 million microbes?
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-about 15 min
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How does the kind of organism a factor pertaining to controllign microes?
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-gram - vs gram +
-vegatative cells- 15 min 100 deg heat and 15 min alcohol -spores only 15 min 121 deg heat -virus- heptatitus B- can resist phenol |
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How does the previous history of the organism a facotr pertainign to controllign microbes?
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-lag growth- young
-stationary-mature -log death-old -mature is most resistant (have cell wall or capsule, slower metabolism) -old very sucspetible due to toxins -young very suceptible b/c of no cell wall or cpsule and fast metabolism |
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How does penetration a factor pertaining to the nature of the environment of controllign microbes?
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-higher the density, harder it is to penetrate
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How is inactivation a factor pertaining the nature of the environment to controllign microbes?
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-colloids-any particle too big to go into sol., but too small to float
-ex: bactera, cells in blood, vomit and feces -reduce load first, then add agent so isn;t inactivated -ex: pH, Iodine, Acid, Alkaline |
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How are enzymes a factor pertaining to the nature of the environment in controlling microbes?
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-carbapenus B-lactgam
-renal dipedidases |
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what is disinfect?
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-trying to get rid of pathogens
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What is sterilize?
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-get rid of everything (including spores)
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How is heat in sterilizing?
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--easy to control
-no residue -no resistance |
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What is incineration? Mode of action?
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-burining
-mode of action is protein oxidation -700-1500 deg C (burn all organics) -100 percent effect -disposal of waste -ex: destroys mad cow disease |
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What is a hot air oven?
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160 deg C- sterilizes in 2 hours
-only used to dry -has poor penetration -used on scapels and glass -not used on paper or plastics |
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What is the mode of action of hot air oven?
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-dehydration
-protein oxidation -protein coagulation |
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What is boiling?
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-100 deg C
-vegetative cells- 15 min -spores-5-9 hours -disinfects (not 100 percemnt effective) -scrub to increase -add salt to make more effective (penetrate spores) |
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What is free floating steam?
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steam at atmospheric pressure
-still at 100 percent (disinfects) -does not water big materials |
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What is steam under pressure?
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-autoclave
-water is 121.5 deg cel. b/c of 15lb/in^2 of pressure -takes 15 min -sterilizes -does not get rid of prions (takes 1 hr at 132 deg cel.) -autoclave breaks down chemicals |
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What is high vacuum autoclave?
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-30 lb/in^2 pressure
-135 deg C -3 min kill time -sterilizes |
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What is pasteurization?
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-works with milk, beer, and apple cider
-disinfection procedure |
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What is the batch (or holding) method of pasturization?
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-kill all non-spore forming pathogens
-61.7 deg. C for 30 min -Mycobacterium bovis is killed (causes TB if drank unpasturized milk) |
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What is the flash method of pasturization?
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-short time, high temperature
-71.6 deg C for 15 seconds -enough to kill Coxiella Burnetti |
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What is milk sterilization of pasteuization?
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-140 deg C for less than a second
-good for countrys w/out refrigeration |
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What is the mode of action of pasteuization?
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-protein coagulation
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What is the mode of action for mechanical sterilization?
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-removal of organism
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What is scrubbing?
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--washing hands, beakers, dishes
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What is soap?
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-non-germicidal
-emulsifyign agent -helps remove bacteria and dirt -removes bacteria but in 24 hrs, bact. come back |
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What is germicidal soap?
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-soap that keeps killing bacteria b/c germicide remains
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What does the CDC say about washing hands with soap? Alcohol washes?
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-water on hands first (to reduce irritaition of skin)
-alcohol washes should not be used if hands are visibly soiled |
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What is filtration?
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-pass gas or ligand througha screen
-membrane filter- .45um-.2um .45um- "sterilize"-does not remove all prokayotes .2um- removes all prokaryotes -.02- removes mostly all viruses (prions penetrate) -.01- removes all |
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What is sedimentation?
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-large suspended particles that sink to bottom
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What occurs in sewage treatment?
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-sedimentation is first step
-uses feric sulfate (chemical that makes particles sink) -filtration is second -filtered through rocks and gravel -remove 90-95 percent bacteria -clorination is used in big cities to kill bacteria |
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What is desication?
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-does not sterilize
-dryness -removes water necessary fro enzymatic hydrolysis -syphalis -dies in minutes -gonorrhea--dies in hours staphylococcus and E. Coli--dies in 2-3 months -TB-can live 8 months -spores-can live indefinatly -AIDS- can live 6 hrs in cell, 1.5 days in white blood cell hepatitus B-a least a week |
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Why is desication important?
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-dry food lasts longer
-eggs-salmonella- lasts months -cereal-staphylococci -antibiotics- 2 week shelf life if refrigerated after adding water -fungal infections-athlete's foot and candida- wetness can spread infections |
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What can cold temperatures do to bacteria?
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-not cidal to prokaryotes
-slows enzymatic process -inhibited in refrigerator -static in freezer -removes H20 necessary fro enzymes to work |
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What does osmotic pressure do to bacteria?
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-plasmaptysis- cell bursts
-plasmolysis- cells shrivel up |
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Whata re halophytes?
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-can grow in high salt content
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What are saccrophiles?
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-mold that grow in sugar
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What does sunlight do to microorg.? Mode of action?
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-TB dies in hours
-protooxidation- sunlight oxidizes proteins and kills bacteria |
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What does ultraviolet do to microorg.?
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-100-400um
-non-ionizing radiation -253.7 nm is most effectiver wavelength -causes maxiumum absorption of DNA -disinfects-poor powers of penetration |
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What are pyrimidine dimers?
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-cytosine and thymine
-breaks bonds and causes mutation |
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Where is ultraviolet used?
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-to disinfect air
-laminar flow hood- has uv light -water department- tryign to use UV light insetad of clorine |
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What do infrared mircrowaves do? mode of action?
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-absorbed and given as heat
-if dry- oxidation of protein -if wet- coagulation -disnfection occurs -onyl goes to 100 deg C so takes long tiem to kill spores -uses in cosmetics |
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What do gamma rays, cathode rays, and x-rays do?
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-cold sterilants
-b/c ionizing radiation -hyperacctive ions -hit DNA and break it |
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What are gamma rays?
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-radio isotopes
-cobolt 60 -penetrating -used fro sterilization of meats (bacon) -radiation kills all bacterias and spores -but not prions |
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What are cathode rays?
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-high intensity electron beams
-not penetrating |
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What are x-rays?
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-very penetrating
-very dangerous -not used for sterilization |
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What is the mode of action of protein coagulation?
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-denature protein
-disrupt lip-protein membranes (cell membranes) -suppress cell wall synthesis -antimetabolited -inhibit protein synthesis (translation) -inhibit nucleic acid synthesis |
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What does protein coagulation do?
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-breaks apart 3-D structure of protein
-kills bacteria -acts as a protoplasmic poison |
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What is broad spectrum effective against?
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-G+ and G- bacteria
-may be antifungal -kills protists, plants, and animals |
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What is narrow spectrum effective against?
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-either G+ or G-
-used externally -too toxic to be used systematically |
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What are the alkalines and acids of protein coagulants?
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-HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, KOH
-too strong fro routine use |
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What is ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) as a protein coagulant?
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-good for inanimate objects
-good as a household cleaner |
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What si benzoic acid as a protein coagulant?
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-not very water soluable
-K+ makes it H2O soluble -used as preservative (antifungal) |
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What is proprionic acid as a protein coagulant?
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-used as calcium salt (calcium proprionate)
-anti-fungal preservative in bread |
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Where are phenols used as a protein coagulant?
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-used in hospitals
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What are the advantages of using phenols as a protein coagulant?
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-intermediate in effectivness, only effective in the presence of organic matter (blood, vomit, feces)
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What are the advantages of using phenols as a protein coagulant?
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-intemediate in effectivness, only effecitve in the presence of organic matter
-strongly microcidal especially against vegetative bacteria -ex. tubercle bacillus (myobacterium TB) -analgesic |
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Whata re the disadvantages of using phenols as a protein coagulant?
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-not preliably sporocidal
-not effective against hepatitus B, caustic (burns) -accumulates in environment |
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What is phenol?
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-"carbolic acid"
-one of the first surgical antispetics (descovered by Lister) -good against G+ (staphycocci) -not used as often today -can be used as a preservative in vaccines |
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What is cresol?
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-alkylated phenol
-methyl group at O,M, or P position -very oily -used in lysol as emulsifying agent -ch3 makes it non-polar -used in animal quaters (horse stalls) -accumulates in environment |
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What is O-phenylphenol?
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-benzene ring attached to phenol at ortho
-active in Lysol (less toxic) |
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What is hexachlorophene?
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-abis-pheol (2 phenol groups together)
-6 cl groups -was used in soaps, shampoos, and baby powders -effective in 3% conc. -has residual action (stays on skin and can be absorbed) |
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Why is hexachlorophene not OTC anymore?
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-killed 40 babies in 1972 France
-neurotoxic -no longer OTC -known as phisohex -good for staphylococci and streptococci -ised in .1% conc. as preservative |
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What is triclosan?
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-abis-phenol
-3 Cl groups - this replaced hexachlorophene as a disinfectant -used in soaps, shampoos, toothpastes |
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What is pseudomonas aerudinosa?
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-green in color, non-fermenting
-used in labs to be studied -controversal -once in you, hard to get rid of -resistance builds -caused problems in hospital and cancer patients |
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What is chlorohexiden?
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-no -OH groups, but Cl is there
-favored over hexachlorophene has residual action, not absorbed deep in skin. |
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What is cresyl acetate?
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-used as spray for nose, ear, and throat infections
-antiseptic to anime object -analgesic/disinfects inanimate stuff |
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How do salts of heavy metals work against microorganisms?
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-low effectivness
-inactivated in the presence of organic matter -may form a cysts/layer over -may be irritating (caustic, delays healing) -many are poisonous |
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What is mercuric bichloride?
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-1-2%
-precipitates protein out -disinfects for everything in the past -banned OTC |
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What is thimerosal (merthiolate)?
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-common for cuts and scrapes
-preserved infection -banend OTC -used as vaccine preservative -can get Hg in vaccine (blamed for autism) |
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What is silver nitrate?
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-widely used in 1-2% sol.
-used to detect Cl in water -reacts w/ proteins -disinfectant for seeds -was used to prevent opthalmia neonatorum -used for gonorrhea, not chlamydia |
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What are erthyromycin drops used for?
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-cotnians silver nitrate
-instilled into eyes of babies at birth -broad spectrum and works on both chlamydia and gonorrhea |
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What is Argyol?
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-organioc form of silver
-combine silver nitrate oxide with proteins (makes milder) -used in 5-10% sol. -used for mild infections of mucous membranes (eyes, nose, urethra) -used as preservative in opthalmic solutions |
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What is silver sulfadiazine? Mode of action?
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-both silver and sulfadiazine are anti-microbiocidal
-sulfadiazine is an antimetabolite (antibiotic) -pseudomas can be resistant -commonly used in burn patients mode of action: antibiotic -silver is protein coagulant |
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What si the best metal of the heavy metal chemicals for disinfection?
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-silver
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What is zinc-zinc oxide?
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-antifungal (in powder or cream for athlete's foot)
-considered "cold sterilants" but arent; effective against spores |
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What is methanol?
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-does not work well as a disinfectant
-used rarely |
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what is 70% ethanol?
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-kills vegatative cells in 15 min
-effective against E.Coli |
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What is 70% isopropyl?
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-better than ethanol
-kill E.Coli at 70% adn 35% (ethanol only works at 70%) -better than ethanol at lower concentrations -used in hospitals for hand washing |
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What is Benzyl?
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-not freely soluble in water
-in low concentraions can be used as preservative as long as its an external preparation. |
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What is an oxidizing agent?
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-take active group of an enzyme (SH group) and remove H
-like over dry heating and sun photo oxidation techniques |
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Whata re halogens?
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-intermediate in effectivness
-bactericidal, viricidal, and fungicidal and amedicidal -slowly sporocidal -inactivated in the presence of organic matter amnd alakaline pH -not stable solutions (volatile) -irritanta (to skina dn bronchial) |
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What is iodine tincture?
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-has alcohol in it (tincture)
-makes in more effective -iodine are brown flat crystals -used as anti-septic -irritates skin so takes longer to heal |
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What are iodophors?
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- a betadine
-used on patients b/f surgery -less irritating b/c of surfactant -being tested for opthalmia neonatarum(cheaper than erythromycin) |
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What is chlorine?
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-a ags that's very irritating
-used for water treatment -want a residual concentration -any colloidal particles in water interact w/ chlorine |
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What is sodium hypochlorite?
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-bleach is 5.25% NaOCl
-irritating and volatile -inactivates quickly -10% sol. good to clean needles (kills AIDS) |
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What are alkylating agents?
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-aldehydes tie up the sulfhydral group
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What is formaldehyde?
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-gas put into water
-SH formalin -used as sterilant in 8% conc. -used on surgical instruments -alcohol is mixed in -most rinse with sterile water b/f use to remove formakin (carcinogenic) -best choice for embalming -1% formalin used in kidney dialysis machines |
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What is glutaldehyde?
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-sulfur
-sporocidal in 2% sol. -used in dental offices in 2% sol. -respiratory therapy masks are disinfected with this -used on cow teats b/f getting milk |
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What is ethylene oxide?
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-gas
-carcinogenic and explosive -"high activity" sterilant (sporocidal) -used on dry powders or anything heat sensitive -if a building ro ship is contaminated w/ anthrax, gas can be used to sterilize |
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What is a halazone?
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-pill w/ organic form of Cl.\
-put in water to disinfect -used by campers -works on bacteria, but not protozoa -boiling or filtration works better |
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What is hydrogen peroxide(3%)?
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-most ideal chemical
-breaks down into O2 and water -used b/c of the O2, kills anerobes -reacts w/ catalase |
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What is hydrogen peroxide (2%)
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-2% sol. used for necrotising fasclitis (caused by streptococcus pyrogens)
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what is necrotising fasclitis?
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-2% sol. used for necrotising fasclitis (caused by streptococcus pyrogens)
-in some people (immune weak), can cause flesh eating disease -used the oxygen so tissue dies, penetrates deep so kills in 24 hrs -remvoe dead tissue and use hydrogen perxoide to kill it |
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What is hydrogen peroxide (10%)?
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-sterilant
-kills spores -used in surgical implants -won;t destroy cause cold sterilant |
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Whata re surfactants?
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-agents used to disrupt cell/plasma membrane
-amphipathic molecules -molecules insert themselves b/t cell membrane -distort it and pokes holes in itm, dissovle membrane (stuff can leak in and out) -cidal agents -toxic to use if used systematically |
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What are cationic detergents?
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-have positive charge
-most activity -include benzalkonium and cetylpyridium -more active against G+ than G- -not so effective against tubercle bacillus, hepatitus 3 or spores -hopsitals and food industries use them b/c of low toxicity effects |
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What are cetylpyridium chloride used in?
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-mouth washes, cosmetics (preservative), and ophthalmic solution (preservative)
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What are anionic detergents?
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-have neg. charge
-aren;t as effective as cationic detergents -used against weak organisms: -gonococcus (Neisseria gonorrhaeus), meningococcus (Neisseria meningitides), pneumococcus (streptococcus pneumoniae) and syphalis(treponema pallidum) |
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What is sodium lauryl sulfate used in?
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-mouth wash
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What are bile salts?
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-used in mackonky;s medium (sdelective for G-)
-Taxo P has bil salts on it (p is for streptococcus pneumonae) |
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What is soap as a non-ionic detergent?
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-no bactericidal action
-has polymyxins |
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What are polymyxins?
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-polypeptides
-series of polar amino acids connected by peptide bonds -amphipathic -bacillis subtilis dumps out polymyxins into environment for protection -polymyxin A, B, C, D, E etc. |
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What is polymyxin B?
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-narrow spectrum
-antibiotic (effective G-) |
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What is the kirby-Baner Technique?
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-disk diffusion technique
-antibiotic is on disk -plate streaked w/ bacterum -incubate plate and bact. wil gorw out -measure clear zone around disk using mm ruler and compare zone with standard table |
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What are the break points of kirby-bauer technique?
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R-resistant- no zone or small zone
I-not as stong as shouyld be. May up dose to be effective S-sensitive- size varies for antibiotic. Could use antibiotic in patient to kill bacteria |
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What is the the kirby-bauer technique?
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-can test mult. antibiotics at once
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What is the disadvantage of the kirby-bauer technique?
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-zone sizes are not related to con. in blood
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What is the tube dilation technique?
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-can test 1 antibiotic at a time
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How do you do the tube dilation technique?
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1.take 1 antibiotic and do dilution
2/ start w/ certain conc. and dilute half each time to zero 3. start w/ high conc. that will kill for sure and go down to zero that org cna grow out in (control) 4.determine MIC (minimal inhibitory conc.) in oculate each tube and look for growth. -tube with no growth is MIC |
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How can concentration of the antibiotic needed be achieved?
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-optimal therapy
-IV is optimal therapy -then intermuscular, oral, and then topical -conc. that be acheived in blood must be higher than MIC |
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What is MBC (minimal microbiocidal conc.)?
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-antibiotic is diluted
-inoculate tube and transfer to fresh tube -inoculate next highest tube -MIC tube grows out b/c one loop of AB won;t do much -2nd or thrid tube past MIC is MBC -good for immune compromised patients |
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What is the E-test?
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-strip of paper has antibiotic conc. from 32ug/mL down to 0ug/ml
-put in culture plate -whenever lines show, MIC -easier and more fool proof than dilution -"diffusion technique" -can;t be deterine MBC |
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What is polymyxin B?
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not DOC
neurotoxic and nephotoxic (kidkeys) -"the medical letter" is referance -lists of org. and lists DOC and alternatives for each |
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What is acinetobacer?
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-affects immune compromised people
-get a nossomal infection (from hospital) -quickly developes resistance, so polymyxin may be needed -used externally (otitis externa, opthamic and opically (triple antibiotic ocintment) |
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What is polymyxin E?
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-collistin
-very toxic -used externally (otitis externa) |
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What is the Thayer martin selective agar?
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-chocolate agar
-used for patients with gonorrhea -includes vancomycin (inhibit G+), colistin (inhibit G- rods), adn nystatin (inhibit yeast) -so only G- cocci grow |
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What is polyene antibiotic?
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-cyclic, multiple D.B
-compounds come from streptomyces (grow in soil and most antibiotics come from this) -inhibit.prevent sterols from entering cell membrane -fungistatic (fungi have egosterol, bacteria don't) -be toxic to us |
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What is nystatin?
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-not DOC or alternate, but still prescibed
-not water soluble (tryign to use in IV) -used for dermatophytes (skin plants, superficial fungal infections (candida albicans candidasis) -taken orally |
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What is candida albicans candidasis?
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-caused vulvovaginal infections (yeast infections, oropharyngeal)
-we all have candida in us, becomes problems when have AIDS/HIV -yeast infections common in early HIV -extreme youth, pregnant women, and antimicrobial patients and diabetes patientsd are susceptible |
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What are penicillins?
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-discovered by accident
-in yeast (penicillum) =have beta-lactam ring -side chains can get changed |
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How is benzyl penecillin taken?
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-not resistant to acid
-injected |
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How is phenooxymethyl penicillin taken?
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-better oral
-resistant to acid in stomach |
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What are natural penicillins active against?
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-Group A strep (streptococcus pyogens (gram +)
-clostridium perfrigens (gram + -Neissera menegitis (gram -) -streponema pallidum (gram -) |
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What are repository penecillins? Examples?
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-can stay in system for lomng time in smaller conc.
-procaine penicillin -benzathine penicllin |
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What is ampicillin?
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-semi-synthetic penecillin with an amino acid
-broad spectrum -DOC for proteus mirabolis (UTI, gram - rod) |
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What is amoxicillin?
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-add an OH to Pen G
-broad spectrum -causes less diarrhea than ampicillin |
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What os carbenicillin?
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semi-synthetic penecillin
-DOC for pseudmenous aeroginosa -UTI -other |
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What is Tircarcillin?
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-semi-sythetic penecillin
-2-4x more effective against pseudonomous aeroginosa |
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What bacteria have penicillinase?
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-staphylococci aureou
-Neisseria gonorrhea |
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What is MSSA?
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Methicillin sensitive staph. aureus
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What is OSSA? What else can be used for it?
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-oxilcillen (parenteral IV)
-cloxcillium (less serious infections |
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What is MRSA?
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-Methicillin resistant staph. auerus
-DOC: vancomysin |
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What is Augmentin
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-amorxicillin and potassium clavalanate (non-competitive inhibitor)
-potassium clavanate binds to B-lactamase enzyme irreversibly and allows amoxicllin to work |
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What is zosyn?
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-pipericillin and Ta-20 bactacm (inhibitor)
-2-4x more against Gram (-) -DOC for pseudonomous aeroginosa |
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What is cephalothin (cehalexin)?
|
-first generation of cephalosporin
-good against gram + -staphylococci -streptococci |
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What is cephalotiam?
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-2nd gen. cephalosporin
-good against proteus, enterobacter, and haemophilus |
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What is moxalactam?
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-3rd gen. cephalosporin
-also ceftrioxian, cetotamine (passes BBB) -broad spectrum |
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What is cefepime?
|
-4th generation cephalosporin
-little more active than 3rd gen. against gram (-) -used for klebsiella pneumoniae |
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What is caphapenems?
|
-modified penicillin
-took out S in 2nd ring and repalced w/ a Carbon (adds D.B) -more effective against G- tham any, resistant to many 3rd and 4th gen. cephalosporins -includes primaxin-imipenem |
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What is primaxin-imipenem
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-carbrapenem and cliostatin
-hydropeptidase breajks down imipenem in renal tubules -cliostatin prevents enzyme from breaking it down |
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What is bactitracin?
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-from bacillus
-polypeptide -toxic (used topically) -narrow spectrum (for G+) -used in triple antibiotic ointments -polymyxin comes from this |
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What is vancomycin?
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-from streptomyces
-DOC for MRSA -not good orally |
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What is enterococci?
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-last choice antibiotic
-toxic |
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What is the mode of action for antimetabolites?
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-competitive inhibitor
-structural analogue |
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What are the agents are antimetabolites?
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-sulfa-drugs: sulfonamides
-PABA (para amino benzoic acid) |
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What si the order of effectivness of antimetabolites?
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PABA>dihydrofolic acid> tetrahydrofolic acid> purines, pyrimidines, or amino acids
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What do sulfa-drugs do?
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-fit into acitve site
-similar in structure to metabolites but different enough so no product forms. |
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What is sulfanilamide?
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-one of the first sulfa drugs
-generally not cidal |
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What is sulfadiazine?
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-sulfa drug dressing for burn bandages.
-combined with silver to prevent resistance |
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What is sulfisoxazole?
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-sulfa drug good for UTI, rheumatic fever
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What is complicated UTI?
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-predisposing factor exists
(ABtherapy, instrumentation: catheter in urethra) -any type of blockage (mucuous, dirt) |
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What is uncomplicated UTI?
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-no predisposing factors
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What is rheumatic fever?
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-permanent heart damage due to constant strept sore throat
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What is Bactrim?
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-0sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
-trimethoprim disable 2nd enzyme at same tiem as sulfanmethoxazole -can reduce toxicity to humans (uses lower doses) -reduces resistant strains -used for uncomplicated UTI (cystitis-caused by E.Coli and) -PCP- pneumocystis irroveoli pneumonia (carinii) |
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What is dapsome?
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-Sulfone used for mycobacterium laprae (leprosy)
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What is ISH (isonicotinic hydrazide)?
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-isoniazid that is a DOC for mycobacterium TB
-similar in structure to B vitamins (nicotinamide pyidoxine) -prevents TB from incroporating mycolic acid into cell wall |
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What is PAS (paraamino salicyclic acid)?
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-trimethoprim used for MDRTB
-multiply drug resistant tuberculosis |
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At what state in protein sythesis does inhibition occur?
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-at translation
-when level of ribosomes is effective |
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What is the difference in ribosomes for prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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-smaller in bacteria
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What is OTO toxicity?
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-toxic to ear, hearing loss, can affecft audiotory nerve
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What is nephrotoxicity?
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-toxic to kidney
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What is a glycoside?
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-sugar attached making it more water soluble
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What;s streptomycin?
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-one of the 1st drugs used against TB
-used for the plague (caused by yersinia pestis)-(G-) -used for MDR-TB |
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What is neomycin?
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-used topically in anitbiotic ointments
-ex. ttriple anitbiotic ointments |
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What dpo bacitracin, polymyxin B, and neomycin haev in common?
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-can clear up impetigo
-very toxic -topical only |
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What is spectinomycin?
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-resitant to penicillanse
-treats gonorrhea but not super gonorrhea (produces penicillanase) -used on pregnant females -used when patient is allergic to B-Lactam ring (in antibiotics, allergic to penicillins or cephalosporins) |
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What is gentamicin?
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-recommended to use with borad spectrum antibiotics like ticarocillin
-DOC for pseudomonas aeruginosa (other than UTI's) |
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What are tetracyclines?
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-kill "everything" very broad spectrum
-widly used -penicillin substitute -if patient is allergic to penicillins, can be used for G+ infections -can be used to treat many infections |
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what infections can tetracyclines treat?
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-Rickettsial infections (Rocky Moutneain Spotted Fever)
-Chlamydial infections (clhamydia Trachomatis) -Mycoplasma pneumoniae -Borellia (spirochete) |
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What is Rocky Mountain spotted Fever?
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-occuers allover
-spread by ticks -spring and summer seasons' |
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What is chalmydia terachomatis?
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-STD
-"UTIish"-urinary and gential tract |
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What does mycoplasma penumonia cause?
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-walkign pneumonia
-patient is bedridden -but not that sick |
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What does Borellia cause?
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-lyme diesease
-spread by ticks |
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What is chloramphenicol?
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-nitrobenzene derviative that can is only used if nothing else works
-camn casue aplastic anemia -prevents bone marrow from producing RBC adn WBC |
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What is chlorampheicol used for?
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-haemophilus influenza (deadly to children under age of 2)
-salmonella typhi (casues typhoid fever, deadly, some strains resistant to antibiotics) -vancomycin resistant enterococci (go to blood stream adn heart, deadly) |
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What is azithromycin (Z-pack)
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-macroslides thata re a very good antibiotic used for many infections
-clhamydia triachomatis -mycoplasma penumonia -legionella pneumonia |
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What is erythormycin used for?
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-used for mycoplasma pnuomonia
-DOC for diptheria (corynebacterium diptheriae) -pertussis (whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis) -Opthalmia Neonatorum (chlamydia trachomatis) -Neisseria gonorrheae |
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What is synercid?
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-quinupristin and dalfopristin
-used for vancomycin resistant enterococci -doesnt' take care of all vancomycin resistant enterococci -not sued as frequently |
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What is Linezolid?
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-taking over Synercid's place
-DOC for vancomycin resistant enterococci -effeective against mpore types of enterococci -borader spectrum for enterococci -can be used for MRSA (alternate) -blocks tertiary complex (translation) |
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What are antimetabolites that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis good against?
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-all sorts of organisms
-affects cytoskeleton of viruses -itnerferes in meiosis and mytosis in eukaryotes -also affects enzymes (DNA polymerase, RNA polymerage, and DNA gyrase) |
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What is Rifampin? Mode of action?
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-itnerferes with RNA syhtesis
-interfeers with RNA polymerase -used for tuberculosis (mycobacterium) -DOC/1st lien drug |
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What does Ethambutol do?
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-inhibits the incorporation of mycolic acid into the cell wall of tuberculosis
-interfeeres w. RNA sythesis |
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What is acyclovir?
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-agent that itnerferes w/ DNA sythesis
-purine analogue (adenine, quanine) -effective against herpes |
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What is AZT (azidothymadine)?
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structural analogue for thiamine (pyrimidine)
-used for AIDS patients -very effective - |
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What is griseofulvin?
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-antifungal
-use for sever infections (ones that topicals don't work on) -atheltes foot (trichophyton) -gets into skin and hair -interferes against mircrotubules |
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What are Chloroquine, primaquine, quinine, and aquinine used for? Mode of action?
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-used for 100's of years for malaria
-extracted from bark of cinchona tree -very bitter tasting -resistance developed against it (primaquine and chloroquine developed after) -binds to double helix and prevents it from openign up for replication |
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What is malaria?
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-protozoa (in red blood cells)
-digest hemoglobin -form food vacuoles -if phagocytise quinine, the pH is basic adn it inhibits heme polymerase -protozoa will get a buildup of heme and is killed |
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What do Norfloxacina nd Ciproflocacin do? DOC for?
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-quinolones that interfere with DNA gyrase (enzymes allow coiling and uncoiling of DNA
-can;t undergo mytosis -broad spectrum -DOC for pseudomonas aerudinosa, anthrax, and gonorrhea |
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What is metronidazole (Flagyl)?
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-only works under anaerobic conditions
-drug gets reduced and converted intoa structural analogue that gets incorporated into DNA |
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What is metronidazole used for?
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-protozoa (ameobic dysentry)
-trichomonas vaginalis -antibiotic asociated colitis (clostridium difficile) -wipes out normal flora -clostriduium resistant |
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What is mebendazole used for?
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-helminths
-flatworms (tapeworms, flukes) -round worms (pinworms) -binds to cytoskeleton |
