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201 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions
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elements
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smallest bit of an element that still has properties of that element
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atom
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amino acid chain
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primary structure of protein
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twisted chain of amino acid
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secondary structure of protein
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twisted chain of amino acid that is folded
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tertiary structure of protein
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structural framework
contractile immune system - antibodies oxygen transport hormones enzymes - biological catalysts |
functions of proteins
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protein digestion
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hydrolysis
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insoluble in water
neutral fat- energy storage glycerol + fatty acids |
lipids
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lipid w/ phosphate end
cell membranes |
phospholipids
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cholesterol - some cell membranes
vitamins A, D, K, E hormones - sex & others |
steroids
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monosaccharides
disaccharides polysaccharides |
carbohydrates
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glucose
fructose |
monosaccharides
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sucrose
maltose lactose |
disaccharides
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starch
cellulose glycogen |
polysaccharides
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Nucleotide - basic structural unit
DNA 5 possible pairs |
Nucleic acids
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twisted ladder of DNA
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double helix
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codes for the making of a protein - segment of DNA
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gene
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Single stranded
RIBOSE Uracil, not thymine |
RNA
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energy
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ATP
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basic structural and functional unit of all living things
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cell
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study of cells
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cytology
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cytoplasm in nucleus
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nucleoplasm
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size of largest cells in human body
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4 to 6 inches
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size of smallest cells of human body
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100 microns
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largest human cell
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ovum
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2 layers of phospholipids plus protein
fluid mosaic hypothesis pores microvilli |
cell (plasma) membrane or plasmalemma
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part of cell responsible for permeability
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cell membrane
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fingers of cytoplasm engulf large, solid particles; membrane folds inward to form vacuole; contents of vacuole digested
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phagocytosis
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largest organelle within cell
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nucleus
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controls structure
controls metabolic activity controls reproduction |
nucleus
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nuclear membrane
nucleoplasm genetic material (DNA) |
nucleus
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not reproducing DNA
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chromatin
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during reproduction (mitosis)
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chromosomes
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important in RNA synthesis
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nucleolus
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network of membranes
connects cell membrane, nuclear membrane & organelles hollow tubes - routes of transportation folding increases surface area |
endoplasmic reticulum
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active in cells that secrete
flattened membranous sas connected to endoplasmic reticulum collects proteins made at ribosomes membrane sacs expand and pinch off secretory granule secreted by reverse phagocytosis |
golgi complex (apparatus)
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secretory granule
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vacuole
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small, rod-shaped
double layer of membranes inner is folded - cristae |
mitochondria
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inner folds of mitochondria
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cristae
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responsible for breakdown of glucose to produce energy
aerobic cellular respiration |
mitochondria
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found in active cells - liver & muscle tissue
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mitochondria
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resemble bacteria- endosymbiosis
- approx same size & shape - have own DNA - cytochrome; pigment system |
mitochondria
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found only in plant cells
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chloroplast
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double membrane
own DNA chlorophyll; pigment system photosynthesis |
chloroplast
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formed by golgi complex
vacuole - enzymes wrapped in membrane |
lysosomes
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clean up cell debris
abundant in phagocytotic cells tadpoles & sperm penetrate of oovum |
lysosomes
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protein skeleton
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microtubules
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long, whip-like projections; locomotion
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flagella
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short & numerous; locomotion in some protests; clear respiratory tract in humans and move ovum through oviduct
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cilia
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strong, rigid - not all cells
not solid |
cell wall
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cell walls of higher plants and algae
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cellulose
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cell walls of fungi
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chitin
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division of nucleus
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mitosis
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division of cytoplasm
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cytokinesis
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seperates duplicate sets of chromosomes in parent cell
each daughter cell gets one complete set mitotic apparatus - microtubules |
mitosis
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three DNA bases together
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codon
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formation of RNA
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transcription
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Rifampin binds to RNA polymerase to stop transcription; Actinomycin binds to DNA to halt mRNA elongation
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bacterial antibiotics
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read RNA code and assemble amino acids into protein
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translation
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1 gene produces
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1 specific protein
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any change in base sequence in DNA
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mutation
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chemicals or radiation
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mutagens
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kind of cell found in the human body, all other animals, plants, fungi, most algae and protozoan
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eukaryotic cell
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specialized structures inside eukaryotic cells that perform various functions for the cell
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organelles
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study of bacteria
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bacteriology
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study of viruses
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virology
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study of fungi
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mycology
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study of protozoans
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protozoology
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study of parasites
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parasitology
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study of immunity
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immunology
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how many new people have the disease
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morbidity
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how many people die from the disease
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mortality
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development of a hypothesis & the ability to test the explanation
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scientific method
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"cantagion is an infection that passes from one thing to another"
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Francastoro
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Lens grinder; existence of microscopic forms of life or "Animalcules"
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Leewenhock
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Antiseptic surgery; phenol
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Lister
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Fermentation; pasteurization; rabies vaccine
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Pasteur
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Anthrax; tuberculosis; diptheria; cholera; Germ theory of disease
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Koch
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etiology
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cause of disease
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disproved spontaneous generation
pure culture techniques proved that a specific bacteria caused a specific disease now etiology can be defined |
germ theory of disease
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smallpox vaccine
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Jenner
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hand-washing in clinics
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Semmelweis
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novelist; breakdown of communication between science & humanities (making it easier to explain disease to the public)
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Snow
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"transforming principle" - using DNA to attempt to make pneumonia vaccine
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Griffith
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Penicillin
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Fleming
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discovered first drug effective against bacterial infections; tuberculosis
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Domangk
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discovered DNA double helix
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Watson/Crick
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Polymerase Chain Reaction
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Mullis
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the science involved in discovering new organisms
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taxonomy
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naming new organisms
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identification
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placing new organisms into related groups
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classification
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kingdom including:
protista animalia myceteae plantae |
Eukarya
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list of all species & strains of each species & all information known about each species
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Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology
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Morphology, both microscopic and macroscopic
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shape
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metabolic pathways & products
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physiology
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antigen & antibody recognition
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serological
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DNA/RNA
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genetics
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spherical or round shape of bacteria
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coccus (cocci)
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rod shaped bacteria
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bacillus (bacilli)
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spiral shaped bacteria
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spirillum (spirillia) or spirochete
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comma-shaped bacteria
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virio
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can express any shape (bacteria)
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pleomorphic
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diplococcus
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2 cocci
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streptococcus
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chain
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staphylococcus
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grape-like clusters
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tetrad
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4 bacteria
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sarcinae
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8 bacteria
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thick cell wall
do not decolorize, blue |
gram (+)
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thin cell wall
decolorize, pink |
gram (-)
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capsule
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glycocalyx
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thick, viscous slime layer; important as a protective layer, biofilms, adheres to surfaces,colonization of surfaces, enhances virulence
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glycocalyx
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"dip" in plasma membrane that pulls chromosomes apart during binary fission
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mesosome
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site of protein synthesis
free in cytoplasm rRNA |
ribosome
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storage for starch, glycogen, lipids and inorganic chemicals
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vacuoles, granules and inclusion bodies
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no nuclear membrane
one chromosome attached to mesosome DNA |
nucleoid
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small, circular units of DNA free in protoplasm or integrated into chromatin body
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plasmid
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tube-like projection of cytoplasm
shorter and finer than flagella common & sex |
pili (fimbriae)
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enables bacterium to adhere to mucous membranes
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common pili
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DNA is transferred
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sex pili
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survive indefinitely, not reproductive
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endospores
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reproduction of bacteria
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binary fission
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unwinds and opens DNA at the initiation site
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helicase
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rotates molecule so unwinding can proceed
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gyrase
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synthesizes a small piece of RNA primer
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primase
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attach to the 2 replication forks and begins synthesis of new DNA
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DNA polymerase III
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seal nicks in the lagging strands
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Ligases
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removes RNA primer and corrects errors
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DNA polymerase I
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expression results in a protein product
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structural gene
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when a gene is expressed all the time
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constituitive
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a substrate of the protein enzyme turns on the gene
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inducible
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end product of the protein enzyme turns off the gene
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repressible
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expression results in an RNA molecule
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RNA coding
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expression controls the expression of other genes, no protein produced
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regulatory
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Function unknown, possible leftover evolutionary "stuff"
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"junk" DNA
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deviation from the parent form
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variation
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pathogenic organism may become non-pathogenic
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environmental factors
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vaccines; passing organism restores virulence
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attenuated
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changes in DNA
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mutations
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rearrangment of existing DNA from one cell to another
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recombination
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uptake of "naked" DNA by "competent" cells
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transformation
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DNA is carried inside bacterial virus
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transduction
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variation of DNA replication with only one replication fork; some plasmids and viruses
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rolling circle
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insert genes into bacterial chromosome - production of secondary metabolites
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genetic engineering
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adding a gene or genes to an organism's genome
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recombinant DNA
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plasmid, virus or artificial chromosome that is used to insert the gene into a cloning host
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vector
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replicates the desired gene
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cloning host
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collections of cloning hosts carrying the gene of interest in their genome
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genomic library
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a mutation w/ no obvious effect
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silent mutation
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mutation in which the organism does not survive
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lethal mutation
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mutation in which the gene turns on and off
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conditional mutation
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complete protein that does not work
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missense
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incomplete protein due to early termination of mRNA
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nonsense
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test that determines if carcinogen/safe/etc
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Ames test
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source of carbon and nitrogen
growth factors mineral salts source of energy |
nutritional needs of bacteria
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self-feeding organisms (sunlight or chemoautotrophs)
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autotrophs
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organisms that get Carbon, Nitrogen and energy by breaking down organic compounds
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heterotrophs
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along w/ fungi, general agents of decay
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saprophyte
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pathogens
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parasite
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opportunistic pathogens
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facultative parasite
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can use oxygen and can detoxify it
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obligate aerobe
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cannot use oxygen but can detoxify it
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anaerobe
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cannot use oxygen and cannot detoxify it
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obligate anaerobe
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gram (-) enterics, Staphs, and many other pathogens
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facultative anaerobes
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use peroxidase or Mn to detoxify oxygen
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aerotolerant anaerobes
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preservation of bacteria
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lyophilization
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pH scale
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7 = neutral
below 7 = acidic above 7 = alkaline |
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organisms that can exist in extreme conditions
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extremophiles
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by-products of bacterial growth
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short-chain organic acids and antibiotics
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movement of water across a differentially permeable membrane
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osmosis
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molecules moving until evenly distributed
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diffusion
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a solution w/ the same concentration as cell
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isotonic
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a solution w/ increased concentration
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hypertonic
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a solution w/ decreased concentration
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hypotonic
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organisms that live in hypertonic solution
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halophiles
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both living and dead cells in a broth
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turbidity
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visible colony results on solid medium
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viable count
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optimum growth conditions
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growth curve
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slow phase of bacterial growth
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lag phase
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growth at maximum, cells large and uniform in standing, sensitive to toxic agents, attains greated virulence
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exponential phase
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plateau in bacterial growth
nutrients depleted wastes build up endospores forming |
stationary phase
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bacteria cease growing & begin dying
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death phase
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optiman growth conditions, specific and constant for a given species
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generation time
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relationship in which both organisms benefit but can survive independently
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mutualism
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relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is not hurt
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commensalism
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relationship in which one benefits and the other is hurt
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parasitism
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mixed infections, plaque, gum disease
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synergism
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antibiotics
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antagonism
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all biochemical processes within a cell
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metabolism
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synthesis of organic compounds
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anabolism
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breakdown of organic compounds releasing energy
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catabolism
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proteins that bring about a chemical change while they remain unchanged
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enzymes
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non-protein, organic
assist in chemical changes |
co-enzymes
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breaking down of organic compounds
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catabolism
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biochemical processes that release energy
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cellular respiration
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using oxygen to release energy
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aerobic respiration
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phases of aerobic respiration
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glycolysis - 2 ATP
Kreb's cycle - 34 ATP |
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amount of ATP created after Kreb's cycle
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38 ATP total
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energy process by most bacteria
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fermentation
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amount of ATP produced by fermentation
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2 ATP's
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end products of fermentation
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2 ATP, alcohol, yeast, lactic acid
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oxidation of proteins after removal of amine group
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deamination
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