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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Robert Hooke |
First Microscope Discovered the Cell Cell Theory: all living things are composed of cells |
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Antonie von Leeuwenhoek |
First to see bacteria Created an early microscope Spontaneous generation: living organism arise from non-living matter Biogenesis: living things are produced from living things |
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Louis Pasteur |
Proved spontaneous generation wrong Swan necked flask Fermentation: absence of oxygen Pasteurization: brief heat treatment to make safe by removing pathogens |
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Robert Koch |
Living organisms can cause disease Germ Theory of Disease: microorganisms can cause disease Koch's Postulate: series of steps to show microorganism cause disease |
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Edward Jenner |
Vaccinations Coxpox-Smallpox |
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Alexander Fleming |
First antibiotic Penicillin |
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Control Growth of Microorganism |
Sterilization: removes all traces of life Disinfections: removes pathogenic microorganism from material Antisepsis: remove pathogens from the surface of living tissue Sanitation: lowers microbial count to safe level Antibiosis (the use of antibiotics) |
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Domain Bacteria |
Unicellular Prokaryotic Cell wall-Peptidoglycan Only 6 shapes Binary fission Flagella Gram Positive and Negative Some cause disease |
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Domain Archaea |
Unicellular Prokaryotic Lack Peptidoglycan (Use pseudomurein) Limited # of shapes Binary fission Flagella Live in extreme environments |
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Domain Eukarya: Fungi |
Eukaryotes Unicellular (yeast) or Multicellular(mold, mushrooms, puffballs) Cell walls-Chitin Decomposer Some cause disease |
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Domain Eukarya: Protozoa |
Eukaryotes All Unicellular Do not contain cell walls Some cause disease Several different structures for movement |
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Domain Eukarya: Algae |
Eukaryotes Some multicellular, Some unicellular Cell walls-Cellulose Photosynthesis Flagella Do not cause disease in humans |
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Domain Eukarya: Helminths |
Eukaryotes Multicellular animals Parasites No cell walls Need a host Some can cause disease |
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Viruses |
Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protective protein coat Acellular Obligate intracellular parasites (Requires host cell to steal resources) Infect all forms of life |
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Viroids |
Infectious piece of RNA (No protein) Acellular Causes disease in plants |
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Prions |
Infectious proteins (normal and abnormal in CNS) No genetic material (DNA, RNA) Acellular Causes diseases in humans and other animals |
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Naming Microorganisms |
Genus (first, always capitalized) and Species (second) Underlined or Italicized |
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Light Microscope |
Use: Can examine all of the living microbes Advantages Microscope is cheap Easy to prepare a sample Microscope is easy to use Disadvantages Cannot see nonliving microbes Low magnification (Highest: 1000x) Low resolving power (Highest: 0.2um) |
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) |
Use: Examine the interior of microbes Advantages Very high magnification (1,000,000x) Very high resolving power (0.3nm) Disadvantages Very expensive Sample preparation is difficult Difficult to use |
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Scanning Electron Microscope |
Use: Examine the surfaces of microbes (virus surface proteins, cilia, flagella) v Advantages High magnification (75,000x) High resolving power (10nm) Disadvantage Very expensive Sample preparation is difficult Artifacts Difficult to use |
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Magnification |
Ability to make an object larger |
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Resolution/Resolving Power |
Ability to see fine detail The distance two objects must be separated where they look like two objects in a microscope |
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Contrast |
Ability to distinguish specimen from the background (the glass slide) |
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Coccus |
Spherical Staphylococci: disorganized Streptococci: chain Diplococci: pair Sacrinae: cube Tetrads: group |
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Bacillus |
Cylindrical Diplobacilli: pairs Streptobacili: chains Palisade: lie side by side lengthwise |
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Vibro |
Like bacillus but curved |
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Spirillum |
Corkscrew, few turns, rigid |
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Spirochete |
Corkscrew, very long and many turns, flexible |
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Coccobacillus |
Slightly elongated cocci |
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Isotonic Solution |
Same inside and outside No net movement of water |
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Hypotonic Solution |
Water outside the cell is greater than the inside the cell Water moves into cell |
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Hypertonic Solution |
Water outside the cell is less than inside the cell Water moves out |
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Glycocayx: Function |
Prevent destruction by the phagocytes of the immune system Adhere to surfaces |
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Glycocayx: Slime Layer |
Disorganized Loosely attached to cell wall |
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Glycocayx: : Capsule |
Gel-Like Firmly attached to cell wall |
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Flagella |
Filaments: hollow rod that is rigid that extends outward from the cell, composed of Flagellin Hook: links the filament to the basal body Basal Body: links the flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane, converts ATP into rotational movement |
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Atrichous |
Lack flagella |
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Monotrichous |
Single flagellum |
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Ampiritrichous |
A single flagellum at each end |
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Lophotrichous |
Two or more flagella at one or both ends |
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Peritrichous |
Flagella all over the cell |
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Taxis |
Bacterial Movement Flagella: Tumble (work against each other) and Run (work together) |
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Reasons flagella move |
Chemotaxis: response to chemical stimulus Phototaxis: response to light Aerotaxis: response to oxygen Magnetotaxis: response to magnetic fields Thermotaxis: response to temperature |
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Axial filaments |
Spirochetes are the only ones that used this for movement Anchored at end of cell Like flagella but underneath the outer membrane (trapped flagellum) Rotation produces a corkscrew motion that can drill through you Causes syphilis and Lyme disease |
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Pili: Fimbriae |
Thin structures that come off the cell (look like porcupine spikes) Used for attachment inside the body, enable bacteria to attach to surfaces Adhesins for attachment |
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Pili: Sex Pili |
Enable two bacteria to conjugate (exchange DNA) Long fimbria that attaches cells to share DNA How bacteria become antibiotic resistant |
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Additional Study |
Cytoplasmic Membrane Cell Wall |
