Microbiology Test 1

Front 1

what is microbiology?

Back 1

The study of microbes (microorganisms).

Front 2

What are microbes/microorganisms? What are some examples?

Back 2

They are minute living things that are usually unable to be viewed with the naked eye.
Examples: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses

Front 3

T/F some microorganisms are pathogenic

Back 3

true

Front 4

what is pathogenesis?

Back 4

how an organ causes a disease

Front 5

what is virology?

Back 5

the study of viruses
95% of infections are from viruses

Front 6

what is immunology?

Back 6

the study of the body's immune response to an infection

Front 7

where are microbes found?

Back 7

land, sea, body, air
found in water sources, the intestine, the air, soil, the environment, everywhere

Front 8

what contains a large amount of both bacteria and viruses?

Back 8

sea water

Front 9

what do microbes do?

Back 9

decompose organic waste - bacteria
are producers in the ecosystem by photosynthesis - bacteria & algae
produce industrial chemicals such as ethyl alcohol and acetone
produce fermented foods such as vinegar, cheese, and bread - yeast, bacteria
aid in digestion, production of essential vitamins
cause disease - bacteria, viruses, yeast, & fungi
they cause infections

Front 10

why is the study of microbiology important to a health care professional?

Back 10

microorganisms are everywhere! they cause disease
they are involved in:
natural disasters (people drink water containing bacteria), travel, food poisoning, hospitals (worst possible place for infectious diseases), bioterrorism, spread by different species

Front 11

why is the study of microbiology important to a professional in the field of nutrition?

Back 11

understanding of food safety: food science, food handling and storage, laboratory analysis
understanding of microorganisms that have inherent beneficial effects

Front 12

influenza virus

Back 12

the flu - particles are regular shaped

Front 13

giardia lamblia

Back 13

gastrointestinal effects - bad water sources (camping)

Front 14

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Back 14

TB - individual bacteria

Front 15

candida albicans

Back 15

yeast - irregular shaped

Front 16

what did we believe caused disease before we knew about microorganisms?

Back 16

illness may be due to an imbalance of "humors" in the body; fever or redness of the skin indicating too much blood >> blood letting
illness may be due to evil spirits - procession held to ward off bubonic plague in 14th century (black plague)

Front 17

what are the 4 "humors" in the body? what do they correspond to?

Back 17

black bile
yellow bile
phlegm
blood
corresponds to temperament and condition

Front 18

what was used to control the plague back then?

Back 18

mass graves - "bring out your dead!"

Front 19

what year was the black plague? how many people died in how many years and where did it occur? how did it spread?

Back 19

1350
25 million people in Europe died within 5 years
rats and fleas carried the diseases

Front 20

when was tuberculosis rampant? some info on it?

Back 20

the 19th century
people didn't want to be near other people who had it

Front 21

who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek and what did he discover?

Back 21

a dutch merchant (1632-1723)
that we are inhibited by microbes (at least, our teeth are)
he was the first to see microbes by developing a microscope that magnified 300x (wanted to see what he couldn't see)

Front 22

what did Antoni van Leeuwenhoek name the "tiny animals" (microbes) he observed in plaque from his teeth and older people's teeth?

Back 22

"animalcules"

Front 23

who was Louis Pasteur and what did he discover?

Back 23

He was a French chemist and microbiologist (1822-1895).
He studied the microbiology of wines.
He discovered that yeast was responsibly for fermentation (converting sugars to alcohol)(microorganisms and grape juice).
He associated the presence of bacteria (not just yeast) with the spoilage of wine.
We must have a certain mirobe to ferment wine and not spoil it
He discovered that disease may be caused by microbial activity and germs (Germ theory of disease)

Front 24

when was the Golden Age of Microbiology and what was it?

Back 24

1857-1914
beginning with Pasteur's work, discoveries included the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs
How do we prevent disease by killing microbes?

Front 25

when looking through a microscope at a culture dyed, the large clumps were ____ and the small clumps were ____

Back 25

large clumps = bacteria
small clumps = viruses

Front 26

T/F there are many different types of microorganisms

Back 26

true

Front 27

what years was the microscope discovered that led to the visualization of microbes?

Back 27

The early 1700s

Front 28

what years was the relationship between microbes and diseases found?

Back 28

early 1800s

Front 29

who discovered the relationship between microbes and diseases?

Back 29

Pasteur

Front 30

who was pasteur's cohort?

Back 30

Robert Koch

Front 31

what did robert kock do?

Back 31

he was the first to grow a disease causing bacterium in pure culture (isolated from any other living microbe). He also could prove that a specific disease was caused by a specific type of bacteria. He studied Anthrax (disease for a particulate bacteria) and other microorganisms (first one linked to a specific disease)

Front 32

what process did robert koch use to prove that a specific disease was caused by a specific type of bacterium? when?

Back 32

"Koch's Postulates"
1890

Front 33

T/F robert koch was irish

Back 33

false, he was german

Front 34

T/F, Koch wanted to do experiments to see if certain microorganisms were associated with certain diseases.

Back 34

TRUE

Front 35

T/F, koch wasn't able to find nutritional media to grow microorganisms

Back 35

false, he was able to

Front 36

what are the 4 steps of koch's postulates?

Back 36

1) the microbe is found in all cases of disease, but absent from healthy individuals
2) the microbe is isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
3) when the microbe is introduced into a healthy, susceptible host, the same disease occurs
4) the same strain of microbe is obtained from the newly diseased host

Front 37

T/F in Koch's postulates, the rabbit in step 3 should show the same symptoms as the rabbit in step 1

Back 37

TRUE

Front 38

what does koch's postulates cycle show?

Back 38

shows that it is the microbe that causes the animal to die

Front 39

who discovered tuberculosis?

Back 39

koch

Front 40

pathogenesis

Back 40

how a disease occurs

Front 41

what does HIV stand for?

Back 41

human immune deficiency virus

Front 42

T/F all microorganisms cause infections

Back 42

FALSE, only a tiny fraction of microbes cause infections

Front 43

pathogen

Back 43

a microorganism that causes an infection

Front 44

T/F only a fraction of pathogens affect humans

Back 44

TRUE

Front 45

what is a degree of virulence?

Back 45

the potential of a pathogen to cause disease is referred to as its degree of virulence

Front 46

T/F the tobacco mosaic virus effects only tobacco plants

Back 46

true, it is very specific

Front 47

T/F all staph strains are the same and effect all organisms

Back 47

false, one staph strain is not the same as another and not all organisms are effected by certain strains

Front 48

T/F if a pathogen is highly virulent, it takes a lot of that pathogen for the disease to occur

Back 48

FALSE, if a pathogen is highly virulent, it doesn't takes a lot of that pathogen for the disease to occur (its an inverse relationship between the number of pathogens and its virulence)

Front 49

many bacteria and some fungi are part of the _______ _______ ______ of the body

Back 49

many bacteria and some fungi are part of the NORMAL MICROBIA FLORA of the body

Front 50

where do the normal microbial flora colonize?

Back 50

they naturally colonize the skin and mucosal surfaces (lining of internal organs and external organs exposed to environment)

Front 51

T/F our normal microbial flora (microbiota) is always harmless to us

Back 51

false, they are, most of the time, completely harmless

Front 52

T/F some of the normal microbial flora (microbiota) provide important products and services to the body

Back 52

true

Front 53

T/F the microorganisms in our bodies are mainly bacterial

Back 53

true

Front 54

T/F the lungs do not harbor bacteria or microorganisms until you get a disease in the lungs

Back 54

true

Front 55

what is good and bad about the gastric juices in the stomach

Back 55

the acidic environment is good to bread down food, but it inhibits the growth of microorganisms

Front 56

where are most of the microorganisms in the body?

Back 56

in the colon

Front 57

T/F when a baby is born, it gets some of the flora of the mother

Back 57

true

Front 58

check out this website

Back 58

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7617/

Front 59

what are the beneficial properties of bifidobacteria?

Back 59

they are "friendly" bacteria in the intestines of human
1) they reduce blood ammonia levels
2) they lower serum cholesterol levels
3) they act as immunomodulators (by promoting attacks on malignant cells)
4) they produce vitamins (B vitamins, folic acid, and vitamin K)
5) they promote the normalization of the intestinal flora following antibiotic therapy
6) they inhibit the growth of potential pathogens (by producing acetate and lactate)

Front 60

bifidobacteria make up ___% of total bacterium population in adults

Back 60

25%

Front 61

bifidobacteria take up ___% of total bacterium population in infants (breast fed)

Back 61

95%

Front 62

your digestive tract is home to more than ____ different species of bacteria; ideally 80% are (good/bad) bacteria and 20% are (good/bad) bacteria

Back 62

your digestive tract is home to more than 500 different species of bacteria; ideally 80% are good bacteria and 20% are bad bacteria

Front 63

There are literally trillions of individual bacteria residing in the ___________, with the majority of the population living in the ________.

Back 63

There are literally trillions of individual bacteria residing in the digestive tract, with the majority of the population living in the large intestine.

Front 64

The two most prevalent probiotics are ______, which make up the majority of the probiotics living in your small intestine, and ______, the most prevalent probiotic living in your large intestine.

Back 64

The two most prevalent probiotics are Lactobacilli, which make up the majority of the probiotics living in your small intestine, and Bifidobacteria, the most prevalent probiotic living in your large intestine.

Front 65

bacteria produce ammonia from _____

Back 65

proteins

Front 66

build up of ammonia can cause _________

Back 66

liver failure

Front 67

bifidobacteria are present in high percentages in your ________

Back 67

intestines

Front 68

what medication can be used in place of bifidobacteria if you can't breast feed?

Back 68

Babylife

Front 69

T/F if you take antibiotics, you kill the good guys, but bifidobacteria is resistant to it and help build up normal flora

Back 69

true

Front 70

T/F bifidobacteria just sits in your gut

Back 70

false, they are growing

Front 71

T/F just by growing themselves, bifidobacteria lessens the amount of growth of bad bacteria

Back 71

true

Front 72

T/F bifidobacteria enhance your immune response

Back 72

true

Front 73

Under certain circumstances, organisms that are part of your normal flora become ______. Some triggers include ______, ______, _______, etc.

Back 73

Under certain circumstances, organisms that are part of your normal flora become pathogenic. Some triggers include: stress, malnutrition, recurrent infections, pregnancy, medical procedures, antibiotic treatment, skin damage, etc.

Front 74

When organisms become pathogenic, the organisms are called ________ _______ and typically possess a mild degree of virulence. (some causes, it is more than just mild)

Back 74

When organisms become pathogenic, the organisms are called opportunistic pathogens and typically possess a mild degree of virulence. (some causes, it is more than just mild)

Front 75

T/F Your body keeps everything in check. Once body is unable to keep them in check, flora can become pathogenic.

Back 75

true

Front 76

T/F Flora can be benign in one spot of the body, but can travel somewhere else and can become harmful and cause disease there

Back 76

true

Front 77

___________ __________ is present in the upper respiratory tract of approx. 50% of the population

Back 77

streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 78

_______ _______ becomes pathogenic under certain conditions, causing pneumonia if it invades lower respiratory tract

Back 78

streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 79

streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of ___% of bacterial pneumonia

Back 79

95%

Front 80

streptococcus pneumoniae causes _____ ____ (mid ear infection), ______ (sinuses), _______ (lining of brain), _____ (blood infection - extremely dangerous and can lead to death), etc. (other respiratory tract infections)

Back 80

streptococcus pneumoniae causes otitis media (mid ear infection), sinisitus (sinuses), meningitis (lining of brain), sepsis (blood infection – extremely dangerous and can lead to death) etc. (other respiratory tract infections)

Front 81

T/F There are different organisms (like viruses and fungi) that can cause pneumonia other than steptococcus pneumoniae

Back 81

true

Front 82

streptococcus pneumoniae is an "____ _____" because it has the opportunity to cause disease

Back 82

“Opportunistic pathogen”

Front 83

T/F some pathogens are ALWAYS highly virulent

Back 83

true

Front 84

T/F highly virulent pathogens are never associated with disease

Back 84

FALSE, they are always associated with disease

Front 85

______ ______ is a causative agent of bubonic plague

Back 85

Yersinia pestis

Front 86

how is Yersinia pestis spread?

Back 86

by rodents, fleas (they contain their own vector for their particular bacteria, so they don't get ill but they do transfer it), infected humans (humans can get sick and can transfer it as well)

Front 87

T/F Yersinia pestis is a sudden and severe disease

Back 87

true

Front 88

Yersinia pestis involves _______ _____, blood vessels, and what organ?

Back 88

involves lymph nodes, blood vessels, and lungs

Front 89

The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form of the _____ ______. The mortality rate was ___-___%

Back 89

The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form of the Black Death. The mortality rate was 30-75%

Front 90

the symptoms of ____ ______ include enlarged and inflamed lymph nodes (around arm pits, neck, and groin)

Back 90

Yersinia pestis

Front 91

The term '_______' refers to the characteristic bubo or enlarged lymphatic gland.

Back 91

The term 'bubonic' refers to the characteristic bubo or enlarged lymphatic gland.

Front 92

what are other symptoms of Yersinia pestis besides inflamed lymph nodes? how long does it take for symptoms to appear?

Back 92

Victims were subject to headaches, nausea, aching joints, fever of 101-105 degrees, vomiting, and a general feeling of illness. Symptoms took from 1-7 days to appear.

Front 93

virulence

Back 93

the degree to which something can cause disease
if highly virulent, it WILL cause disease

Front 94

what are the inflamed lymph nodes on the neck called? how can they be treated?

Back 94

The bump on her neck is called a Bubo? It is inflammation of the lymph nodes. This can be treated with antibiotics

Front 95

T/F Different serotypes of the same microorganism can be beneficial or pathogenic

Back 95

true

Front 96

what is beneficial about escherichia coli (E. coli)? where is it found in the body?

Back 96

benefits the host by producing vitamin K and preventing colonization of gut with harmful bacteria.
commonly found in the lower intestines

Front 97

what are the pathogenic characteristics of E. coli?

Back 97

0157:H7 is pathogenic. It can cause serious food poisoning. It can lead to renal failure, and people can die from it.

Front 98

T/F In the same strain of E. coli, some versions are beneficial, and other strains are harmful

Back 98

TRUE

Front 99

How do you acquire E.coli infection?

Back 99

From meat products that are infected or water sources. Can come from the animal’s feces, or it can be part of the cow’s normal flora and its not pathogenic to IT, but it is to US so WE can get sick even tho it doesn’t. Can also be in contaminated water sources. Also the surface of animals – by touching them.

Front 100

most pathogens can be looked at from the following 3 perspectives:

Back 100

epidemiology
pathogenesis
host defense

Front 101

what is epidemiology?

Back 101

the study of the factors determining the frequency and distribution of disease. So, how common it is in a certain population, what time of year it is, etc.? Can identify trends and help certain populations to learn how to prevent it

Front 102

what is pathogenesis?

Back 102

the study of how the disease develops. You look at everything in pathogenesis: how the pathogenesis gets in the body, where it is growing, how it is growing, etc.

Front 103

what is host defense?

Back 103

the study of how the host controls/interacts with the pathogen. Synonymous with host immune response, etc.

Front 104

in an epidemiological report on the number of influenza-associated pediatric deaths by week of death, the pink area shows deaths in certain months. what does this tell us?

Back 104

The pathogens are adapting during these months. This chart tells us that we have to develop a new vaccine for the spring and summer months for the new strain because influenza mutates.

Front 105

T/F Microbes are found in all major groups (“domains”) of life

Back 105

true

Front 106

who classified the 3 domains of life based on differences in rRNA?

Back 106

Carl Woese

Front 107

what are the 3 domains of life?

Back 107

they come from an ancestor
1) bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukarya

Front 108

which 2 domains are prokaryotes?

Back 108

1) bacteria
2) archaea

Front 109

which domain is eukaryote?

Back 109

3) eukarya

Front 110

what are 3 types of eukarya?

Back 110

1) algae and plants
2) fungi and animals
3) protists

Front 111

viruses need _____ cells to replicate

Back 111

viruses need host cells to replicate

Front 112

what domains of life can you find microorganisms?

Back 112

in all domains of life

Front 113

what are the 3 domain classifications based on?

Back 113

genetic frequencies

Front 114

which domain contains single cell organisms, but are able to survive in extreme conditions (volcanoes, high salt pools, etc.)?

Back 114

archaea

Front 115

which domain contains single cell organisms and can't survive in extreme conditions?

Back 115

bacteria

Front 116

T/F viruses aren't classified as being alive (unlike microorganisms)

Back 116

true, because they need a host cell to exist

Front 117

what are the 2 types of archaea?

Back 117

1) extreme halophiles
2) extreme thermophiles

Front 118

what are extreme halophiles?

Back 118

the "salt lovers"
require an environment as salty or even 10x saltier than ocean water. Some prefer up to 30% salt concentrations! These bacteria live in the Dead Sea, the Great Salt Lake, salt evaporation ponds.

Front 119

what are extreme thermophiles?

Back 119

"heat/cold lovers"
they prefer temperatures about 60 degrees C (up to 110 degrees C for hyperthermophiles!) or near or below freezing. (some thermophiles will die at room temp.)

Front 120

where do thermophiles live?

Back 120

in hot sulfur springs, Yellowstone park, deep sea hydrothermal vents "black smokers", geothermal power plants. Also live in ocean waters around Antarctica, under the polar ice caps, etc.

Front 121

what are two species of thermophiles?

Back 121

Thermus aquaticus and Pyrococcus furiosis

Front 122

what are two types of bacteria?

Back 122

1) cyanobacteria
2) eubacteria

Front 123

what are cyanobacteria?

Back 123

photosynthetic "blue-green" bacteria = produce O2 gas. Photosynthetic bacteria first appeared in the fossil record 3.2 billion years ago, and completely changed Earth's environment from anaerobic (no free oxygen) to aerobic (containing oxygen gas) - these bacteria made the O2 rich atmosphere in which we live!!! These bacteria are very closely related to eukaryotic chloroplasts

Front 124

what are eubacteria?

Back 124

The "true bacteria". Examples: Enteric bacteria like E. coli, Salmonella typhus, Legionella, Heliobacter pylorii (cause of many ulcers), Neisseria gonorrhea (cause of gonorrhea), Nitrogen-fixing bacteria that are able to convert nitrogen gas into ammonia. Clostridium (tetanus, botulism). Bacteria within this division - proteobacteria - are very closely related to eukaryotic mitochondria (more on this later) and often move by whip-like flagella. Heterotrophic – use carbon as an energy source

Front 125

_________ can live in extreme conditions

Back 125

Extremeophiles

Front 126

_________ can live in extreme temperatures

Back 126

Thermophiles

Front 127

_________ can live in high salt conditions

Back 127

Halophiles

Front 128

what are small, ancient prokaryotic cells with no nucleus?

Back 128

bacteria

Front 129

what are larger, more complex organisms?

Back 129

eukaryota

Front 130

what are tiny, tough ancient prokaryotes with no nucleus - extremeophiles?

Back 130

archaea

Front 131

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) is membrane bound?

Back 131

eukaryote

Front 132

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) has a nucleiod?

Back 132

prokaryote

Front 133

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) has several layers, not membrane bound?

Back 133

prokaryote

Front 134

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) has complex subcellular structures (membrane bound compartments - all contained with certain functions)?

Back 134

eukaryote

Front 135

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) has envelope with lipid membrane boundaries - plus structural cell wall?

Back 135

prokaryote

Front 136

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) is bacteria (a bacterial cell) and has proteins?

Back 136

prokaryote

Front 137

which one (eukaryote/prokaryote) has a flagellum?

Back 137

prokaryote

Front 138

T/F both prokaryotes and eukaryotes can exist in multi-cell groups like organs and tissues

Back 138

true! new discovery

Front 139

in a picture of a cell with dark grey and light grey areas, the light grey area is the _____________ material

Back 139

genetic material

Front 140

what is the purpose of the flagellum for the bacterial cell (prokaryote)?

Back 140

it helps it move

Front 141

what is the shape of cocci?

Back 141

spheres
in bunches, chains, and quartets

Front 142

what is the shape of bacilli?

Back 142

sticks, rods
alone, in chains, and spiral

Front 143

what is the shape of vibrios (cholera)?

Back 143

bent rods

Front 144

what different shapes are considered irregular?

Back 144

squares, starts, filaments

Front 145

what are the two most common kinds of bacterial shapes?

Back 145

cocci and bacilli

Front 146

what is Morphology?

Back 146

Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural

Front 147

what is the origin of viruses?

Back 147

it is unknown
it is hypothesized that precursors to viruses and cells originated in pre-biotic environment

Front 148

T/F viruses come in different shapes and sizes

Back 148

true

Front 149

what shape is a rabies virus?

Back 149

round on one end and flat on the other

Front 150

how are viruses defined?

Back 150

by the material they have and the host they have

Front 151

what is electron microscopy?

Back 151

higher resolution than light microscopy

Front 152

what is bigger, a bacterium or virus?

Back 152

bacterium

Front 153

what is bigger, a bacterium or an animal cell?

Back 153

animal cell

Front 154

what is bigger, a plant cell or an animal cell?

Back 154

plant cell

Front 155

can viruses be seen under light microscopy? can bacterium?

Back 155

viruses, no
bacterium, yes

Front 156

1 meter = _______ mm = ______ micrometers = ______ nm

Back 156

1 meter = 1,000 mm = 1,000,000 micrometers = 1,000,000,000 nm

Front 157

1.5 mm = ______ micrometers

Back 157

1,500 micrometers (just multiply it by 1,000)

Front 158

if an E. coli is 5 micrometers and a tip of a pin is 1.5 mm, how many E. coli are on the tip of the pin?

Back 158

1.5 mm = 1,500 micrometers (just multiply it by 1,000)
1,500 micrometers/5 micrometers = 300 E. coli

Front 159

what is the resolution of human eyes?

Back 159

150 mm

Front 160

what can we use to see smaller objects like microbes?

Back 160

a microscope

Front 161

how does a microscope work to help us see?

Back 161

magnification by lenses spread light rays out - increasing its resolution

Front 162

life on earth is based on what kinds of reactions?

Back 162

chemical reactions

Front 163

why is an understanding of chemistry essential?

Back 163

it is essential to understanding cellular structure and function
it is essential to understanding the pathogenic effects of infectious diseases

Front 164

tissues are organized in the following way:
atoms --> ______ --> ________ --> tissues

Back 164

atoms --> molecules --> cells --> tissues

Front 165

what bonds are critical for the processes in atoms, molecules, cells, and tissues?

Back 165

chemical bonds

Front 166

tissues are made up of _____

Back 166

cells

Front 167

cells are made up of ______

Back 167

molecules

Front 168

molecules are made up of _______

Back 168

atoms

Front 169

the core of atoms consists of ______ and ______

Back 169

protons and neutrons

Front 170

the number of protons equals the atomic ______

Back 170

atomic number

Front 171

the number of neutrons is usually equal to the number of protons, and their total amount equals the atomic _______

Back 171

atomic weight

Front 172

T/F shells occupied by electrons have a limited capacity

Back 172

true

Front 173

how many electrons are in the first shell? second? third?

Back 173

first - 2 electrons
second - 8 electrons
third - 18 electrons (but needs 8 to be stable)

Front 174

the _____ is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central _______ surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Back 174

The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense, central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

Front 175

The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged _________ and electrically neutral _______ (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons)

Back 175

The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons (except in the case of hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide with no neutrons)

Front 176

The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the _______ ________.

Back 176

The electrons of an atom are bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic force.

Front 177

A group of atoms can remain bound to each other, forming a _________

Back 177

A group of atoms can remain bound to each other, forming a molecule

Front 178

An atom containing an equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral, otherwise it has a positive charge (electron deficiency) or negative charge (electron excess) and is an _____.

Back 178

ion

Front 179

An atom is classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons determines the ________ element, and the number of neutrons determines the _______ of the element

Back 179

An atom is classified according to the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus: the number of protons determines the chemical element, and the number of neutrons determines the isotope of the element

Front 180

If the electron shell is not full, it is _________.

Back 180

If the electron shell is not full, it is unstable.

Front 181

T/F Atoms with unstable electron shells can give or receive electrons to other atoms

Back 181

true, This stabilizes the atom and makes ionic bonding possible.

Front 182

what do atoms and electrons do because they aren't always stable?

Back 182

they collide and form molecules

Front 183

_________ bonding happens when an atom isn’t stable and interacts with another atom to become stable

Back 183

Chemical bonding happens when an atom isn’t stable and interacts with another atom to become stable

Front 184

_______ bonds occur when one atom donates an electron and one atom receives an electron.

Back 184

ionic bonds

Front 185

sodium chloride is an example of what type of bond?

Back 185

ionic bond

Front 186

in a sodium chloride bond, _____ donates an electron. ______ receives an electron

Back 186

sodium donates and chloride receives

Front 187

when electrons are donated or received, atoms are ______

Back 187

ionized

Front 188

in _______ bonds, electrons are shared

Back 188

covalent bonds

Front 189

one pair shared forms a ______ bond
two pairs shared forms a _____ bond

Back 189

single bond
double bond

Front 190

T/F covalent bonds can't have polarity

Back 190

FALSE, they can have polarity

Front 191

nonpolar

Back 191

equal sharing of electrons

Front 192

polar

Back 192

unequal sharing of electrons

Front 193

polar covalent bonds have a (strong/weak) electrical charge

Back 193

weak

Front 194

in ______ bonds, there is no donating or accepting of electrons

Back 194

covalent bonds

Front 195

in H2O, which end is slightly positive and which is slightly negative?

Back 195

the H2 is slightly positive, while the O is slightly negative

Front 196

H20 is a ______ bond

Back 196

covalent

Front 197

T/F covalent bonding is the basis for organic molecules

Back 197

true

Front 198

carbon has an atomic number of _____. It has 2 electrons in the first shell, ____ electrons in the second shell, and needs ____ shared electrons to make the second shell stable

Back 198

carbon has an atomic number of 6. It has 2 electrons in the first shell, 4 electrons in the second shell, and needs 4 shared electrons to make the second shell stable

Front 199

what element is the main backbone that likes to bond?

Back 199

carbon

Front 200

hydrogen bonds are found ______ and _________ molecular structures

Back 200

between and within

Front 201

______ bonds help determine and maintain structures of proteins and nucleic acids

Back 201

hydrogen bonds

Front 202

T/F the strength and length of hydrogen bonds are affected by many variables

Back 202

true

Front 203

what are two factors that can affect hydrogen bonds?

Back 203

temperature and pH

Front 204

water has three major properties:

Back 204

solubility
reactivity
heat capacity

Front 205

without _______, our body cannot undergo metabolism

Back 205

water

Front 206

T/F many molecules can be dissolved in water

Back 206

true, this is why it is very soluble

Front 207

a solution is made up of two ingredients: _____ and _____

Back 207

solvent and solute. water is a great solvent, and the solute can be anything that is dissolved in the water

Front 208

water causes "spheres of _____"

Back 208

hydration

Front 209

Water molecules in a hydration sphere are called _____ water

Back 209

bound water

Front 210

Sodium binds to (H2/O) and chloride binds to (H2/O)

Back 210

Na+ binds to O-
Cl- binds to H2+

Front 211

what makes water have a reactivity factor?

Back 211

chemical reactions normally occur in water
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis

Front 212

hydrolysis

Back 212

using water to break down molecules (Add water)

Front 213

dehydration synthesis

Back 213

removing water to build molecules
during dehydration synthesis, a water molecule is lost, electrons are rearranged, and a new bond is formed between the subunits. Also, it can be used to join the subunits of each large molecules

Front 214

what makes water have heat capacity factors?

Back 214

it has the ability to absorb and retain heat
chemical reactions give off heat as a by-product

Front 215

T/F in order to break things down, you need to have water

Back 215

true

Front 216

T/F once you break things down, you need to build things

Back 216

true

Front 217

T/F microorganisms can only live at a perfect pH

Back 217

false, they can live in acidic or alkaline environments

Front 218

acidity is (high/low) on the pH scale and is an excess of (H+/OH-)

Back 218

acidity is low numbers on the pH scale and is an excess of H+ ions

Front 219

alkalinity (basic) is (high/low) on the pH scale and is an excess of (H+/OH-)

Back 219

alkalinity (basic) is high numbers on the pH scale and is an excess of OH- ions

Front 220

what is a neutral pH number?

Back 220

7.0

Front 221

what pH range do organisms like to grow?

Back 221

6.5-9

Front 222

what normally happens to organisms when they are exposed to H+ or OH- molecules?

Back 222

they bond to them and die away

Front 223

T/F pH and temperature both play a role in determining the ability of bacteria to grow and thrive in particular environments

Back 223

true

Front 224

what pH range does bacteria normally grow?

Back 224

6.7 - 7.5

Front 225

acidophiles prefer _____ conditions.

Back 225

acidic

Front 226

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans thrive in rivers, canals, mine drainage effluents, and coal mines, which are at a (low/high) pH, which means its (acidic/basic)

Back 226

low pH, acidic

Front 227

cholera can thrive at a (low/high) pH, which is (Acidic/basic)

Back 227

high pH, basic

Front 228

biohydrometallurgy

Back 228

microbial mediated extraction of metals from minerals or solid wastes and acid mine (more biological than chemical way to attract metals)

Front 229

how does Thiobacillus ferrooxidans survive in a low pH?

Back 229

it is resistant to H+ trying to bind to it
it has a way to get rid of H+ because of something that is on its cell structure. It may release a halo that protects it.

Front 230

T/F sometimes, molecules thrive off of H+ by taking it in and using it

Back 230

true

Front 231

Vibrio cholera is an infection of the _______ ______ and causes what?

Back 231

Vibrio cholera is an infection of the small intestine and causes acute diarrhea.

Front 232

where is Vibrio cholera found?

Back 232

in contaminated water, sewage, shellfish, contaminated produce and sea water

Front 233

Vibrio cholera prefers a high pH to evolve (basic), but it is found in the stomach (acidic). So, how does it cause disease in humans?

Back 233

If a lot of cholera bacteria gets into the stomach, it gets into the lining of the stomach and hides there, because there is a higher pH there. Also, eating increases the pH in the stomach, so while you eat and you have cholera, its more likely to survive in your stomach.

Front 234

biological molecules are also referred to as _____ organic molecules

Back 234

organic molecules

Front 235

what are the 4 major categories of biological molecules?

Back 235

1) carbohydrates
2) lipids
3) proteins
4) nucleic acids

Front 236

T/F all 4 categories of biological molecules use carbon as their backbone

Back 236

true

Front 237

________ bonds in large organic molecules provide energy to living organisms (metabolism)

Back 237

chemical bonds

Front 238

all CHOs contain _____, ______, and ______

Back 238

carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

Front 239

which of the 4 categories of biological molecules can be viewed as the most easily used and best source of energy because it is very easy to break their bonds?

Back 239

CHOs

Front 240

T/F Organisms and cells can break down or build up carbohydrates.

Back 240

true

Front 241

__________ in food processing typically is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohols and carbon dioxide or organic acids using yeasts, bacteria, or a combination thereof, under anaerobic conditions. A more restricted definition of _______ is the chemical conversion of sugars into ethanol. The science of _________ is known as zymurgy.

Back 241

fermentation

Front 242

When CHOs are placed under anaerobic conditions (lacking oxygen), they go through a metabolism process called ______ where they produce alcohols or acids.

Back 242

fermentation

Front 243

what are the 3 major categories of CHOs?

Back 243

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

Front 244

what are monosaccharides?

Back 244

smallest carbohydrate (i.e. Glucose)
Used to build bigger carbohydrate molecules

Front 245

what are disaccharides?

Back 245

two monosaccharides (i.e sucrose)

Front 246

what are polysaccharides?

Back 246

many monosaccharides (i.e. Cellulose, Peptidoglycan – bacterial cell wall)

Front 247

what type of CHO makes up the cell wall structures of bacteria?

Back 247

polysaccharides

Front 248

______ are chemically diverse groups of substances that include fats, phospholipids, and steroids.

Back 248

lipids

Front 249

lipids are relatively (soluble/insoluble) in water, which makes them very useful as elements of cellular structure

Back 249

insoluble

Front 250

lipids make up the basis of _____ ______ because of their insolubility

Back 250

cell membranes

Front 251

T/F Some lipids contain more energy than carbohydrates but are harder to break down.

Back 251

TRUE

Front 252

what are fats?

Back 252

Fats are lipids that contain the three carbon molecule glycerol and one or more fatty acids.

Front 253

saturated fats

Back 253

contain all of the hydrogens that can possibly be bound

Front 254

unsaturated fats

Back 254

have lost hydrogens and formed double bonds at the locations of the missing hydrogens

Front 255

fatty acids form (short/long) chains of ______

Back 255

Fatty acids form long chains of carbons

Front 256

fats are made by (hydrolysis/dehydration synthesis) and are broken by (hydrolysis/dehydration synthesis)

Back 256

Fats are made by dehydration synthesis.
Fats are broken down by hydrolysis.

Front 257

a fatty acid is a _____ acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated or unsaturated

Back 257

carboxylic acid

Front 258

Fatty acids are usually derived from ____ or _____

Back 258

triglycerides or phospholipids

Front 259

T/F Fatty acids are important sources of fuel because their metabolism yield large quantities of ATP

Back 259

true

Front 260

. In particular, _____ and ______ muscle prefer fatty acids.

Back 260

heart and skeletal muscle

Front 261

The brain cannot use fatty acids as a source of fuel; it relies on ______ or on _____ bodies.

Back 261

glucose or on ketone bodies

Front 262

_________are lipids with CHOs attached

Back 262

glycolipids

Front 263

________ are lipids with phosphates attached

Back 263

phospholipids

Front 264

___________ form barriers between the water inside the cell and the water outside the cell. They play important roles in bacterial cells

Back 264

phospholipids

Front 265

________ consist of four cycloalkaline rings joined to each other (i.e. cholesterol)

Back 265

steroids

Front 266

cholesterol is found in the _____ _____ of some eukaryotic cells

Back 266

cell membranes

Front 267

other steroids are found in fungal _____ _____

Back 267

plasma membranes

Front 268

_______ are are the establishment of the permeability barrier, provision of the environment for many enzyme and transporter proteins, and they influence membrane-related processes such as protein export and DNA replication

Back 268

phospholipids

Front 269

The ______ ________ pathway also provides precursors for protein modification and for the synthesis of other molecules.

Back 269

lipid synthetic pathway

Front 270

________ make up the cell membrane in our bodies

Back 270

phospholipids

Front 271

______ are really good making up the membrane because they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends that make a barrier against things

Back 271

phospholipids

Front 272

The cell membrane of almost all living organisms and many viruses are made of a _____ _______, as are the membranes surrounding the cell nucleus and other sub-cellular structures. It is the barrier that keeps ions, proteins and other molecules where they are needed and prevents them from diffusing into areas where they should not be

Back 272

lipid bilayer

Front 273

Bilayers are particularly impermeable to ions, which allows cells to regulate salt concentrations and pH by pumping ions across their membranes using proteins called ____ _____

Back 273

ion pumps

Front 274

Phospholipids have a _______ head and two _____ tails.

Back 274

Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails.

Front 275

T/F the lipid bilayer is a dynamic fluid structure

Back 275

true

Front 276

T/F the lipid bilayer doesn't allow anything to embed itself in it

Back 276

false, You can have things embedded in the membrane

Front 277

a large part of the metabolism occurs in the _____ ____

Back 277

plasma membrane

Front 278

T/F proteins are all very similar in structure and function

Back 278

FALSE, they are very diverse in both structure and function

Front 279

proteins are made up of ____ ____ building blocks

Back 279

amino acid

Front 280

amino acids contain one ______ group and one ____ group

Back 280

carboxyl group and one amino group

Front 281

T/F Each protein has a specific three dimensional shape that is directly related to function.

Back 281

true

Front 282

there are ___ amino acids

Back 282

22

Front 283

R groups are considered ____ groups

Back 283

carboxyl groups

Front 284

Carboxyl and amino groups combine on different amino acids combine to form a _____ bond through dehydration synthesis.

Back 284

peptide bond

Front 285

how does one amino acid interact with another amino acid?

Back 285

the carboxyl groups interact

Front 286

Proteins are made up of long sequences of linked amino acids, called ______

Back 286

peptides

Front 287

what is a dipeptide?

Back 287

two amino acids

Front 288

what is a polypeptide?

Back 288

many amino acids

Front 289

T/F some amino acids contain ____ atoms. They can form _____ bridges, which are important in protein structure

Back 289

sulphur atoms
disulfide bridges

Front 290

T/F the length and variation of proteins are limited

Back 290

FALSE, they are unlimited

Front 291

Depending on the ____ groups associated with each amino acid, you can have certain bonds created, which increases the complexity of the protein

Back 291

R groups (carboxyl groups)

Front 292

the 3D structure of proteins is broken down into what 4 levels?

Back 292

1) primary
2) secondary
3) tertiary
4) quaternary

Front 293

what is a primary protein?

Back 293

sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain (linked together)

Front 294

what is a secondary protein?

Back 294

folding or coiling of the peptide chain (usually into a helix or pleated sheet) (side groups interact with other side groups) (types of bonds: hydrogen bonds, peptide bonds, disulfide ridges)

Front 295

what is a tertiary protein?

Back 295

peptide chain folds upon itself (becomes more complex and globular)

Front 296

what is a quaternary protein?

Back 296

folded peptide chains join together

Front 297

how are the shapes of proteins held together?

Back 297

hydrogen and disulfide bonds

Front 298

T/F proteins cannot be denatured

Back 298

false, they can be denatured

Front 299

what factors may lead to proteins being denatured?

Back 299

pH, temperature, ionic strength, and solubility factors can break hydrogen bonds

Front 300

T/F changes in shape of a protein disrupt function

Back 300

true

Front 301

how does pH denature a protein?

Back 301

acid has H+ ions that start to interact with the protein and disrupt its structure

Front 302

how does temperature denature protein?

Back 302

it makes the molecules move faster and the bonds break

Front 303

T/F In some cases, once you have denatured a protein and changed its structure, it is irreversible
However, in other cases, denaturation IS reversible

Back 303

TRUE, it depends on the protein

Front 304

renaturation

Back 304

from denatured protein to normal protein
regains biological activity

Front 305

denaturation

Back 305

from normal protein to denatured protein
loss of biological activity

Front 306

________ proteins can preserve structural integrity of the protein and can be use for motility

Back 306

structural proteins

Front 307

______ proteins are involved in many cellular functions (chemical reactions) such as metabolism

Back 307

enzymatic proteins

Front 308

_______ _______ store cellular information and also functions as energy molecules

Back 308

nucleic acids

Front 309

what are the two types of nucleic acid information molecules?

Back 309

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA – ribonucleic acid

Front 310

what is metabolism?

Back 310

metabolism is the process of energy the body uses to break down the chemical bonds

Front 311

_________ governs the survival and growth of microorganisms

Back 311

metabolism

Front 312

T/F the growth of microorganisms can have a direct effect on infectious disease

Back 312

true

Front 313

good metabolic function makes pathogens (more/less) successful at causing disease

Back 313

Good metabolic function makes pathogens more successful at causing disease

Front 314

T/F microbes can grow without nutrients

Back 314

false, Microbes needs nutrients and to gain energy in order to go through cell division, gain proteins, etc.

Front 315

T/F enzymes are proteins

Back 315

true

Front 316

a series of reactions are caused by ________. These reactions carry out transformation in the metabolic pathway.

Back 316

enzymes

Front 317

what is catabolism

Back 317

the release of energy

Front 318

what is anabolism

Back 318

the usage of energy

Front 319

which is associated with ingesting food and breaking it down, catabolism or anabolism?

Back 319

catabolism because it releases the energy from the food

Front 320

which is associated with the body using broken down energy, catabolism or anabolism?

Back 320

anabolism

Front 321

T/F energy is sometimes freely flowing around the body

Back 321

FALSE, Energy can’t be freely flowing around because you will lose it, so it is harnessed in molecules

Front 322

_______ is a series of chemical processes that go on in living organisms to maintain life. It is used to obtain energy. It is linked to growth and reproduction.

Back 322

metabolism

Front 323

what two things are required for growth?

Back 323

carbon and energy

Front 324

what 2 processes does the body have to obtain carbon?

Back 324

1) autotrophy
2) heterotrophy

Front 325

what is autotrophy?

Back 325

carbon is obtained from inorganic substances (they also undergo photosynthesis)

Front 326

what is heterotrophy?

Back 326

carbon is obtained from other organic molecules (we are heterotrophs)

Front 327

nearly all infectious organisms are chemo____________s.

Back 327

chemoheterotrophs

Front 328

how do chemoheterotrophs obtain energy?

Back 328

by breaking down other organic molecules and compounds

Front 329

T/F infectious organisms don't evolve as readily in heterotrophs as they do autotrophs

Back 329

FALSE, Since we are heterotrophs, infectious organisms develop pathways inside our bodies in order to survive. They evolve nicely in our bodies.

Front 330

metabolic ______ are complex chemical reactions. They involve electron transfer, oxidation, and reduction reactions

Back 330

metabolic pathways

Front 331

where is energy from a broken down chemical bond harnessed?

Back 331

in ATP molecules

Front 332

what are some carrier molecules that harness energy and electrons during metabolic processes?

Back 332

NADH, FADH, (and ATP?)

Front 333

T/F bacteria have membrane bound organelles

Back 333

FALSE

Front 334

a(n) _________ reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom, ion or molecule LOSES one or more electrons

Back 334

oxidation

Front 335

a(n) ________ reaction is a chemical reaction in which an atom, ion or molecule GAINS one or more electrons

Back 335

reduction

Front 336

T/F oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together

Back 336

TRUE

Front 337

The combination of an oxidation reaction and a reduction reaction are jointly referred to as _____ reactions.

Back 337

redox reactions

Front 338

when sodium donates an electron to the chlorine to gain stability, is this oxidation or reduction?

Back 338

oxidation

Front 339

when chlorine gains an electron to gain stability, is this oxidation or reduction?

Back 339

reduction

Front 340

T/F the electron exchange in redox reactions is a source of energy for the reactions

Back 340

true

Front 341

T/F in metabolism, respiration occurs at the cellular level and is the same as breathing

Back 341

FALSE, it is not the same, (respiration at the macroscopic level).

Front 342

cellular respiration describes which process, anabolic or catabolic?

Back 342

catabolic - release of energy

Front 343

cellular respiration is divided into what 3 different types of respiration?

Back 343

1) aerobic respiration
2) anaerobic respiration
3) facultatively anaerobic respiration

Front 344

what is aerobic respiration?

Back 344

metabolism that uses oxygen

Front 345

what is anaerobic respiration?

Back 345

metabolism that doesn't use oxygen

Front 346

what is facultatively anaerobic respiration?

Back 346

metabolism that can use oxygen but can also occur without it

Front 347

the type of cellular respiration determines the amount of ATP produced. Which type of respiration produces the most ATP? the least?

Back 347

aerobic produces the most ATP - so it will grow faster
anaerobic produces the least ATP - it grows slower

Front 348

what is fermentation an example of, aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 348

anaerobic

Front 349

what happens if you add oxygen to an organism that undergoes facultative anaerobic respiration? what if you take away oxygen?

Back 349

it still survives, and because oxygen is present, it will grow faster. Without oxygen, it still survives, just grows slower. HOWEVER there are exceptions!

Front 350

where are the metabolic pathways located in bacteria?

Back 350

in the cytoplasm (Cytosol) and plasma membrane

Front 351

more ATPs are produced with (aerobic/anaerobic)

Back 351

aerobic

Front 352

what are the 3 main metabolic pathways?

Back 352

1) glycolysis
2) krebs cycle
3) electron transport chain

Front 353

what happens, anabolism or catabolism, in all 3 of the metabolic pathways?

Back 353

catabolism because you break down food products to get ATP molecules

Front 354

what happens to glucose in these pathways?

Back 354

it goes through all of the metabolic pathways and the body can obtain its energy

Front 355

metabolic reactions occur in series of chemical reactions called _____.

Back 355

pathways

Front 356

T/F each step in the pathway is mediated or facilitated by a specific enzyme

Back 356

true

Front 357

in the reaction: A -> B -> C -> D -> E , which is the substrate and which is the final product and which are the intermediates?

Back 357

A is initial substrate
E is final product
B, D, and D are intermediates

Front 358

______ promote the running of the reactions under physiological conditions to proceed at an appropriate speed.

Back 358

enzymes

Front 359

T/F There are a lot of enzymes and if any of them are destroyed or not functional, the substrate can’t evolve completely

Back 359

true

Front 360

______ are proteins that act as catalysis for metabolic reactions, making the reaction go faster

Back 360

enzymes

Front 361

T/F each enzyme is specific for a reaction

Back 361

true

Front 362

T/F enzymes are found in most living organisms

Back 362

FALSE, Found in all living organisms and most cells contain hundreds of types which are constantly being manufactured and replaced.

Front 363

how do enzymes make reactions go faster?

Back 363

work by lowering the energy of the activation (using a minimal amount of energy)

Front 364

T/F enzymes are always present

Back 364

FALSE, Enzymes aren’t present all of the time –just because you have an enzyme that’s working, doesn’t mean it is there all of the time. It is degraded and rebuilt.

Front 365

T/F Enzymes have specific three dimensional shapes: if the shape changes, activity is inhibited.

Back 365

true

Front 366

The shape of the molecule provides a distinctive site called the _____ site

Back 366

active site

Front 367

what happens at the active site of the enzyme?

Back 367

The specific substrate fits into the enzyme and the reaction occurs.
The enzyme and substrate interact to form the enzyme-substrate complex

Front 368

T/F The active site has to have the proper shape for the enzyme to work.

Back 368

true

Front 369

T/F A given enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction

Back 369

TRUE - highly specific

Front 370

T/F most enzymes react with many substrates

Back 370

FALSE, Most enzymes react with only one particular substrate.

Front 371

Specificity of enzyme is due to:

Back 371

1) The shape of an enzyme molecule
2) Electrical charges found at the active site

Front 372

______ are inorganic ions such as magnesium, zinc, or manganese. They help enzymes in reactions.

Back 372

co-factors

Front 373

______ are non-protein organic molecules. They bind to the active site and change the shape of the active site so that the substrate can fit.

Back 373

coenzymes

Front 374

if you have an enzyme that isn't complete, its a(n) _____________

Back 374

apoenzyme

Front 375

the ______ fits into the incomplete enzyme to make it able to work. They are helpers to enzymes that don't work.

Back 375

cofactor

Front 376

coenzymes and cofactors can be used as ______ _______ in redox reactions (they can carry things from one thing to another)

Back 376

carrier molecules

Front 377

continuous enzyme activity allows what 2 things?

Back 377

- waste of energy
- Buildup of potentially harmful products

Front 378

what 3 ways does enzyme inhibition take place?

Back 378

1) competitive inhibition
2) allosteric inhibition
3) feedback inhibition

Front 379

T/F our bodies can constantly use enzymes because we make products all of the time

Back 379

FALSE, Enzymes are present, however, if they were active all of the time, it would be dangerous for us because we cannot be making products all of the time (it wastes our energy)

Front 380

if our bodies were constantly making a lot of products, what would happen?

Back 380

If they are making a bunch of products, these products can be toxic to our bodies

Front 381

the _________ molecule is similar in structure to the substrate and competes with the substrate to bind to the active site

Back 381

inhibitor molecule

Front 382

what does the inhibitor in competitive inhibition do?

Back 382

When the inhibitor has bound to the active site, the substrate cannot bind.

Front 383

is the binding of the competitive inhibitor reversible or not?

Back 383

yes, and it is dependent upon the relative numbers of inhibitor molecules and substrate molecules present.

Front 384

is allosteric inhibition an example of competitive or non-competitve inhibition?

Back 384

non-competitive

Front 385

inhibitor molecules bind to a part of the enzyme away from the active site: the _______ site

Back 385

allosteric

Front 386

what type of inhibition involves inhibitor molecules that do not block the active site?

Back 386

allosteric

Front 387

what type of inhibition changes the shape of the active site in such a way that it can no longer fit properly with the substrate?

Back 387

allosteric inhibition

Front 388

T/F the binding of some allosteric inhibitors are reversible

Back 388

true

Front 389

what happens in feedback inhibition?

Back 389

The final product in a pathway accumulates and begins to bind to and inactivate the enzyme that catalyzes the first reaction of the pathway.

Front 390

is feedback inhibition reversible?

Back 390

yes, and when the level of end product decreases, the inhibition stops and the pathway begins to function again.

Front 391

In ________ inhibition, the product binds to a site on the enzyme (like allosteric inhibitor) and changes its structure so that the enzyme cannot bind again to a substrate.

Back 391

feedback inhibition

Front 392

T/F in feedback inhibition, the end product will decrease over time, so less of them are binding, so the substrate and enzyme can start binding again. So our body regulates it with the amount of products produced.

Back 392

true

Front 393

what factors affect enzyme activity?

Back 393

1) pH
2) Temperature

Front 394

how does pH affect enzyme activity?

Back 394

a low pH is acidic, and H+ is present. The H+ forms hydrogen bonds with the enzymes and changes their shape. With a high pH, the OH- ions do the same type of thing

Front 395

how does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Back 395

High kinetic energy tends to break bonds and enzymes cannot bind to substrates as well

Front 396

__________ is when molecules are broken down through metabolic processes to release the energy stored in their chemical bonds – cellular respiration.

Back 396

catabolism

Front 397

__________ is the metabolic processes in which the energy derived from catabolism is used to build large organic molecules from smaller ones – build components of cells such as proteins.

Back 397

anabolism

Front 398

during catabolism, food molecules are broken down and energy is stored into ______. Heat is also lost.

Back 398

ATP

Front 399

T/F catabolism and anabolism is a cycle

Back 399

true

Front 400

catabolic processes in metabolism are called ______ reactions because they cause a release of energy

Back 400

fueling

Front 401

what are the 3 important pathways by which most organisms release energy from nutrient molecules?

Back 401

glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport chain

Front 402

what part of the cell does glycolysis occur? do they require oxygen?

Back 402

Reactions occur in the cytoplasm and do not require oxygen.

Front 403

how many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?

Back 403

4 ATP molecules

Front 404

in the first steps of glycolysis, how many ATP molecules are consumed?

Back 404

2

Front 405

what is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis?

Back 405

2

Front 406

________ acts as a coenzyme in glycolysis and carries electrons to the electron transport chain

Back 406

NAD

Front 407

during glycolysis, Phosphates are transferred to substrates by ________

Back 407

phosphorylation

Front 408

phosphorylation makes the substrates more ______

Back 408

energetic

Front 409

After a series of steps, the 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two 3-carbon ______ molecules.

Back 409

pyruvate

Front 410

in glycolysis, you start with one molecule of _____, and at the end of glycolysis you have 2 molecules of ________

Back 410

start with glucose, and end with pyruvate

Front 411

T/F for glucose to be broken down, you have to use energy

Back 411

true

Front 412

T/F in glycolysis, you gain 4 ATPs but lose 2, so the net gain is 2 ATP molecules by the end of this pathway

Back 412

true

Front 413

NAD is a co-enzyme. It collects a H+ ion and the NAD is (oxidized/reduced). NAD becomes NADH

Back 413

reduced

Front 414

are the krebs cycle and cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 414

aerobic

Front 415

is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 415

BOTH - it can happen in the presence or absence of oxygen

However, once you get to the end of glycolysis and pyruvate is made, depending on if you have oxygen or not, different pathways are made.

Front 416

at then end of glycolysis, in the absence of oxygen, _______occurs

Back 416

fermentation

Front 417

at then end of glycolysis, in the presence of oxygen, what happens?

Back 417

pyruvate enters the krebs cycle and the electron transport chain

Front 418

is the krebs cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

Back 418

aerobic

Front 419

krebs cycle is also known as the TCA cycle or the ____ _____ cycle.

Back 419

citric acid

Front 420

in the krebs cycle, _____ is further metabolized to harness energy in bonds

Back 420

pyruvate

Front 421

what is the starting point and goal of the krebs cycle?

Back 421

pyruvate is the starting point and the goal of the process is to get more energy

Front 422

in the krebs cycle, pyruvate is first modified with _________. This produces acetyl-CoA complex.

Back 422

coenzyme A

Front 423

T/F pyruvate enters the krebs cycle

Back 423

FALSE, it has to be converted to acetyl CoA

Front 424

the main goal of the kreb's cycle is to transfer H+ atoms to the carrier molecules ( _____ and ____, which are coenzymes)

Back 424

NAD and FAD

Front 425

once NAD and FAD obtain the H+ atoms from the krebs cycle, they take them to ___________

Back 425

the electron transport chain

Front 426

in the krebs cycle, for every glucose, ____ ATPs, ____ NADHs, and ____ FADHs are made

Back 426

2 ATPs
6 NADHs
2 FADHs

Front 427

in the krebs cycle, __________ is oxidized as CO2

Back 427

carbon

Front 428

in the krebs cycle, energy is captured and stored when ____ is converted to ATP

Back 428

ADP

Front 429

pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by removing a _____ molecule from pyruvate and then removing an _____ to reduce an NAD+ into NADH

Back 429

This is achieved by removing a CO2 molecule from pyruvate and then removing an electron to reduce an NAD+ into NADH

Front 430

in glycolysis, _____ pyruvate molecules are produced from ___ glucose molecule

Back 430

2 pyruvates from 1 glucose

Front 431

each glucose is processed through the krebs cycle _____ times

Back 431

two times

Front 432

during the krebs cycle, NAD is converted to ____ and FAD is converted to _____. Also ____ are produced in the cycle. The carrier molecules are carrying ______ atoms

Back 432

NADH, FADH, ATPs, H+ atoms

Front 433

the MAIN GOAL of the krebs cycle is to convert the carrier molecules into their (oxidized/reduced) form

Back 433

REDUCED form
NAD --> NADH
FAD --> FADH
This lets the H+ ions go into the electron transport chain

Front 434

the electron transport chain is a sequence of ________

Back 434

molecules

Front 435

in eukaryotes, the electron transport chain is found in the ___________________

Back 435

inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 436

in prokaryotes, the electron transport chain is found in the ___________________

Back 436

plasma membrane

Front 437

in the electron transport chain, electrons (from NADH and FADH) are transferred to a final _______ ______

Back 437

electron acceptor

Front 438

in the electron transport chain, in aerobic respiration, the final acceptor is ________

Back 438

oxygen

Front 439

in the electron transport chain, in anaerobic respiration, the final acceptor is an ______ _____ molecule

Back 439

inorganic oxygen-containing molecule

Front 440

the electron transport chain is the site of _______ _________ - the production of ATPs

Back 440

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 441

LOOK IN BOOK FOR LECTURE 4, SLIDE 26 and 27

Back 441

ya

Front 442

What happens to the NADH2+ and FADH2 produced during the Krebs cycle?

Back 442

The molecules have been reduced, receiving high energy electrons from the pyruvic acid molecules that were dismantled in the Krebs Cycle. Therefore, they represent energy available to do work. These carrier molecules transport the high energy electrons and their accompanying hydrogen protons from the Krebs Cycle to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Front 443

in the electron transport chain, NADH2+ is oxidized to _____ and FADH2 to _______

Back 443

NAD and FAD

Front 444

in the electron transport chain, the high energy electrons are transferred to _____ (Q) and ______ molecules, the electron carriers within the membrane.

Back 444

The high energy electrons are transferred to ubiquinone (Q) and cytochrome c molecules, the electron carriers within the membrane.

Front 445

T/F in the electron transport chain, the electrons are passed from molecule to molecule in the inner membrane of the mitochondron, losing some of their energy at each step.

Back 445

true

Front 446

in the electron transport chain, a combining of _____ and _____ atoms with oxygen forms water. The molecules that take part in the transport of these electrons are referred to as the electron transport chain.

Back 446

electrons and H2 atoms

Front 447

the ETC can be summarized as follows: the electrons that are delivered to the electron transport system provide energy to "pump" _______ protons across the _______ ________ membrane to the outer compartment

Back 447

The process can be summarized as follows: the electrons that are delivered to the electron transport system provide energy to "pump" hydrogen protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane to the outer compartment

Front 448

The high concentration of hydrogen protons in the ETC produces a free energy potential that can do work. That is, the hydrogen protons tend to move down the concentration gradient from the (inner/outer) compartment to the (inner/outer) compartment.

Back 448

This high concentration of hydrogen protons produces a free energy potential that can do work. That is, the hydrogen protons tend to move down the concentration gradient from the outer compartment to the inner compartment.

Front 449

in the ETC, the only path that the protons have is through _____ _______ within the inner membrane. The protons therefore pass through the channel lined with enzymes

Back 449

enzyme complexes

Front 450

The free energy of the hydrogen protons is used to form ATP by phosphorylation, bonding _______ to ADP in an enzymatically-mediated reaction. Since an ____ _____ gradient supplies the energy, the entire process is referred to as ______ phosphorylation.

Back 450

The free energy of the hydrogen protons is used to form ATP by phosphorylation, bonding phosphate to ADP in an enzymatically-mediated reaction. Since an electrochemical osmotic gradient supplies the energy, the entire process is referred to as chemiosmotic phosphorylation.

Front 451

in the ETC, if the oxygen supply is cut off, the electrons and hydrogen protons cease to flow through the electron transport system. If this happens, the proton concentration gradient will not be sufficient to power the synthesis of _____. This is why we, and other species, are not able to survive for long without oxygen!

Back 451

ATP

Front 452

what is the source of energy in the ETC?

Back 452

the pumping process of all the H+ ions

Front 453

where is the ETC located in the molecule?

Back 453

in the intermembrane space of the molecule

Front 454

T/F in the ETC, there is an equal amount of H+ in the intermembrane space and in the cytosol

Back 454

FALSE! Because there are so many H+ in the intermembrane space and not many in the cytosol, it is not at equilibrium.

Front 455

in the ETC, what transports the H+ atoms into the cytosol in order to maintain balance? what is this called?

Back 455

ATP synthase
this is called chemiosmotic gradient (kind of like osmosis but it uses energy)

Front 456

As electrons move from one molecule to another in the chain, energy is released via a process called __________

Back 456

chemiosmosis

Front 457

in chemiosmosis, protons are pumped (into/out of) the cell

Back 457

out of the cell

Front 458

in chemiosmosis, the proton concentration outside the cell increases to be greater than the inside of the cell, causing a _____ ______ to form

Back 458

concentration gradient

Front 459

in chemiosmosis, what allows protons to re-enter the cell?

Back 459

Specialized membrane proteins allow protons to re-enter the cell.

Front 460

energy is (gained/released) as protons re-enter the cell

Back 460

released

Front 461

The energy released in chemiosmosis is used to bind _______ to ADP, making the high-energy molecule ATP

Back 461

phosphate

Front 462

what range amount of ATPs are created in chemiosmosis?

Back 462

32-38

Front 463

The difference in proton concentration in this process is called the proton _____ ______

Back 463

proton motive force

Front 464

Cells using anaerobic respiration generate _____ molecules of ATP from one glucose molecule.

Back 464

two

Front 465

Cell using aerobic respiration generate ____ total molecules of ATP from one glucose molecule.

Back 465

around 40 ATPs