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177 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What are the three Kingdoms
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Eukarya, Bacteria, Archaea
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there are links and constant interactions between domains
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Who studied the DNA within each kingdom
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Carl Woese
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CW
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Who discovered microorganisms and in what year?
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Van Leeuwenhoek, 1674
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VL
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Who created the small pox vaccine?
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Jenner
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what year did Jenner create small pox vaccine?
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1796
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From what realization did Jenner create the small pox vaccine?
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using the fact that woman maids who had cow pox did not get small pox
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Who established the cause of childbedfever and in what year?
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Semmelweiss, 1847
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How did Semmelweiss establish the cause of childbedfever?
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Med. Students did autopsies and then delivered babies...encouraged washing of hands
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Who disproved the spontaneous generation of microorganisms theory and in what year?
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Pasteur, 1859
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What is spontaneous Generation?
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The idea that living organisms can arise spontaneously from non-living matter
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Who set out to prove spontaneous generation and in what year?
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Needham, and English clerygman, 1748
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Why did Needhams covered boiled broth in flask still grow microorganisms?
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Flasks were dirty
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Who was the Italian priest/professor who poured broth into flasks, sealed them, and then boiled the broth to ensure clean flasks and in what year?
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Spallanzano, 1776
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When nothing grew in Spallanzano's flask, what did others say?
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People argued that microorganisms needed oxygen and experiment was flawed
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When nothing grew in Spallanzani's flask, what did others say?
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People argued that microorganisms needed oxygen and experiment was flawed
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Who is the father of modern microbiology
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Louis Pasteur
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French chemist
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How did Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?
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Boiled broth, air was allowed in, but microbs and dust settled in the S(swan) neck experiment...nothing grew
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Who introduced aseptic techniques? What year?
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Lister, 1865
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Who established the germ theory of disease...linkeage between germs and diesease? What year?
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Koch, 1876
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Who uses agar to obtain a pure culture? What year?
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Koch, 1881
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Who discovered viruses and in what year?
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Iwanowski, 1892
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How did Iwanoski discover viruses
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Used a filter that filtered out bacteria and realized that something smaller was still there that caused disease.
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What instrument allowed us to see viruses? What year?
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electron microscope, 1930
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Who described selective toxicity...drugs such as chemotherapy and in what year?
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Ehrlich, 1894
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Who discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic? What year?
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Fleming, 1929
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changed the course of WW2
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Who discovered archaea? What year?
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Carl Woese, 1977
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In what year was small pox eradicated worldwide
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1977
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Who described pions? What year?
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Prusiner, 1982
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What are prions?
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Proteins that cause disease
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Who discovered HIV and in what year?
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Montaigner and Gallo, 1983
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Who sequenced the first complete genome of Haemophilus influenzae? What year?
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Craig Ventner et al., 1995
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Before the 19th Century, what were the three causes of disease considered to be?
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Supernatural forces, poisonous vapors, imbalances between four humors
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What were the four humors?
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Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile
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What is today's biggest problem concerning drugs?
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Antibiotic resistance
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What are some newly developed diseases?
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SARS, hepatitis C, Lyme Disease, HIV
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What are some re-emerging drug resistante diseases?
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Tuberculosis, cholera, malaria, staphylococcus, typhoid fever
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What is a strain?
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A subgroup within a species
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What are three differences between strains?
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Morphology, physiology, antigenic properties
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a certain number of characteristics qualify a species or strain
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What are antigenic properties
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foreign proteins (usually) that are expressed by a cell and recognized by the immune system
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How are different strains designated?
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By number and/or letters, ex. Esherichia coli 0157:H7
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There are over 200 different strains of ecoli
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What three things are atoms made up of?
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Protons, electrons, neutrons
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What is the difference between covalent bonds and ionic bonds?
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Covalent-shared, ionic-transfer
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What kind of bonds hold water molecules together?
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polar covalent bonds
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What kind of bonds are present between water molecules?
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Hydrogen bonds
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What does polymer mean?
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Many parts
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What are polymers built from?
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Repeating units called monomers
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What does polymerization mean? And what are some examples of polymers?
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formation of, nylons, proteins, DNA
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Approximately how much dry weight of the cell do proteins make up?
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>50%
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Name three functions of proteins.
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antibodies grab antigens, enzymes, transfer
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What are proteins built from?
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Amino acids
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What are the components of an amino acid?
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NH_2_, COOH, and an R-group (variable group)
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What are peptide bonds and what do they do?
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C-N bonds that link amino acids (proteins) together
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What does the primary structure of a protein tell us?
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the number and type of amino acid
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What does the secondary structure of a protein tell us?
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Where the amino acids are located, determines where the chain folds (created by bonding between amino acids)...alpha helices or beta sheets held together by H-bonds.
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What is a tertiary structure?
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folding of helical pattern
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What is a quaternary structure?
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2 or more polypeptide chains stuck together
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Are mistakes in primary structures a problem? Why?
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Yes, because structure determines shape and shape determines function
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Give an example of how a mistake in the primary structure can change the function of a protein.
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Hemoglobin; lactase
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Give two examples of carbohydrates
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polysaccharides and sugars
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What are two functions of carbohydrates?
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membrane structures and energy and energy storage
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Give two examples of monosaccarides, simple sugars.
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Glucose, fructose (candy)
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Disaccarides are two monosaccharides: two glucoses equal...
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maltose
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glucose + fructose =
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sucrose (table sugar)
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glucose + galactose =
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Lactose
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What are polysaccharides?
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polymers of many monosaccharides
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What are some examples of polysaccharides?
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starch (potatoes), cellulose (plants), glycogen (bacteria energy storage)
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Where can polysaccharides be found in bacteria?
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Cell walls
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Give three examples of lipids:
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fats, steroids (Cholesterol), and phospholipids
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Give two functions of lipids
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Energy storage/provision, cell membrane
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Phospholipids in cell membranes have hydro____heads and hydro____tails
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philic, phobic
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Which fatty acid has a double bond and as a result less H-atoms and a kink in its structure, saturated or unsaturated?
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unsaturated
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What are nucleic acids (four things)
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DNA, RNA, polymers of nucleotides, nucleotides
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
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5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogen base
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What are the four nitrogen bases?
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adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine (uracil)
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DNA is ____stranded, RNA is ____stranded, DNA has thymine, RNA has...
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double, single, uracil
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What are the three kinds of RNA?
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Messenger, ribosomal, and transfer
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Cell Envelopes contain these two or sometimes three parts:
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cytoplasic membrane, cell wall, and sometimes outer membranes
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The cytoplasmic membrane of a bacteria contains these 5 things:
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phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, integral proteins, hydrophilic phosphate heads (polar) and hydrophobic lipid tails (nonpolar)
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What is the function of the membrane proteins?
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allows uncharged molecules to diffuse unassisted across the lipid bilayer
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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diffusion through the interior of a channel or carrier protein, no enery boost required: concentration gradient differences
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When a solute is pumped through the interior of carrier proteins, requiring energy input, this is called...
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active transport
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What is group translocation?
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active transport (only in some prokaryotes) where molecules are simultaneously transported in and chemically altered...phosphorlylated
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Why is group tranlocation useful?
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because it uses less energy to bring in because concentration gradient is less deep
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Describe the cytoplasmic membrane of ARCHAEA?
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composition depends on habitat, phospholipids, sulfolipids, or glycerolipids, bilayers or monolayers
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Inclusion bodies, located in the cytoplasm, are used for:
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energy storage (glycogen, phosphorus), photosynthesis, magnetosomes, endospores (form inside cells and allow them to have a dormant life stage)
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Where is the chromosome location?
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Nucleoid
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Protein synthesis occurs in the
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ribosomes
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Enzymes are also found in the...
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cytoplasm
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What is a virulence factor?
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a microbial product or feature that contributes to pathogenicity, but not always the cause of disease symptoms
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An example of a virulence factor among Streptococcus mutans is:
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its capsule adheres it to a tooth
(mutans also have lactic acid which breaks down enamel and causes cavities |
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The cell walls of bacteria are made of these three things:
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peptidoglycan (murein), a glycan portion, and a peptide portion
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The glycan portion of the cell wall in bacteria consists of:
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alternating N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)...both sugar molecules
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The peptide portion of the cell wall in bacteria:
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connect adjacent NAMs
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Are NAGs involved in bonding in peptide portion of cell walls?
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NO
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Bacteria differ in how many layers of NAG/NAMs, true or false?
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True
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Name four types of bacteria shapes:
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cocci, Bacilli/Rods, Spirillum and other
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What part of the bacterial cell prevents is from rupturing from osmosis?
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cell wall
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What are the three steps of binary fission?
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grow, replicate, divide
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How do autolysins aid in cell wall growth?
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they break peptidoglycan bonds
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How do transpeptidases aid in cell wall growth?
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they add monomers and reseal the breaks that the autolysins make
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How does penicillin work?
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It prevents transpeptidase function (won't add monomers and cause bursting) in growing cells only because non-growing cells are not using autolysins
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Lysozyme enzymes can be found where and what can they do?
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tears, saliva, mucus, breaks the bond between NAM/NAG
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Lysozyme enzymes can be found where and what can they do?
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tears, saliva, mucus, breaks the bond between NAM/NAG
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What does selective toxicity mean and give examples
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kils or inhibits pathogens with minimal damage to the host, penicillin and lysozyme because we don't have petido glycan or divide like that
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Do Gram + bacteria have a thick or thin layer of peptidoglycan?
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thick
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Where does electron transport occur?
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periplasm
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Periplasm is:
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the space between cell wall and cell membrane
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Do Gram+ bacteria have a small or large periplasm?
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small
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Gram + bacteria have these two acids:
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teichoic and lipoteichoic
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Three examples of Gram+ bacteria:
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Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus anthracis, Clostridium tetani
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Do Gram- bacteria have a thick or thin layer of peptidoglycan?
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thin
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Do Gram- bacteria have a large or small periplasm?
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large
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In Gram- bacteria, the periplasm contains...
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the cell wall
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There are teichoic acids in Gram- bacteria. True or False.
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Flase, no teichoic acids
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What characteristic of Gram- bacteria sets them apart from others?
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presence of an outer membrane
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What is the function of the outer membrane and what is it made of?
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Layer of protection, lipopolysaccharide
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Which are more resistant, Gram+ or Gram- bacteria?
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Gram-
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3 examples of Gram- bacteria:
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Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever, Shigella spp. (intestinal diseases)
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The inside layer of the outer membrane is made of______ and the outside layer is made of________.
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phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides
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Because the outer membrane is semi-permeable, it can block...
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antibiotics, bile salts, and detergents
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What are the two components of a lipopolysaccharide?
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O polysaccharides and lipid A
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What does lipid A do?
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Simulates the release of cytokines, part of the immune system leading to an increase in temperature that will destroy what makes you sick
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What are the two components of a lipopolysaccharide?
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O polysaccharides and lipid A
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Is lipid A an endotoxin or an exotoxin?
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Endotoxin...a part of the outer membrane vs. an exotoxin which a cell sends out
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How can we differentiate between G+ and G- cells?
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Gram stain
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What are the four steps of Gram staining?
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1. Crystal Violet Stain, 2. Gram's iodide, 3. Alcohol, 4. Safranin (counterstain)
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The crystal violet stain stains what, what color?
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peptidogylcan of all cells purple
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Gram's iodide binds to this and traps it in the cell wall
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crystal violet
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Why is the alcohol step so important?
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You can only rinse long enough to wash away CV entirely from G-'s (because their layer of peptidoglycan is thinner) and incompletely from G+'s
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After the counterstain (Safranin), the G-'s will stain____ and the G+'s will stain_____.
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pink, purple
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What two reasons could explain a false Gram-?
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rinse too long with alcohol, or if culture is too old (over 24 hrs.) because peptidoglycan layer can break down.
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How could you explain a false positive?
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Don't rinse long enough
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Do acid-fast bacteria have a G+ or G- cell wall?
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G+
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The outside layer of peptidoglycan in Acid-fast bacteria is name of these two things:
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later of polysaccharide and it's defining characteristic: mycolic acid
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Why is mycolic acid a virulence factor in Acid-fast bacteria?
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along with waxy lipid causing hydrophobia, makes bacteria extremely resistant to chemicals and hard to kill
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Give two examples of Acid-fast bacteria:
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Mycobacterium leprae and tuberculosis
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What is unique about mycoplasms?
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They are bacteria with no cell walls
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Why is mycolic acid a virulence factor in Acid-fast bacteria?
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along with waxy lipid causing hydrophobia, makes bacteria extremely resistant to chemicals and hard to kill
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What type of bacteria live in humans, animals, and plants where osmotic conditions are controlled for them?
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Mycoplasms
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Archael cell walls, of the domain archaea, depend on where they live..they are highly adaptive. They use this instead of murein...
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pseudomurein
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In Archael cell walls, this is replaced by a different sugar:
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NAM
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Name three things outside the cell envelope of most bacteria?
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capsules, pili, and flagella
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What are capsules made of?
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most made of polysaccharide, some of protein
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What is the function of a capsule?
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protection and attachment
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Capsules can attach to:
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lung tissue, teeth, etc.
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Capsules also provide protection from (two things):
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drying out (in an environment during moving), and phagocytosis by macrophages (being eaten by white blood cells)
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A capsule is a virulence factor because:
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only encapsulated strains are pathogenic (disease causing)
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What are pili?
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thin, straight, hair-like projections of variable number
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What are pili made of?
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proteins called pilins
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What are the functions of pili?
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attachment, adhesion molecules (protein) and reproduction (sex pili)
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Fimbriae can be a virulence factor because in Neisseria gonorrhoeae if:
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there are no fimbriae, they are not pathogenic
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Fimbriae can be a virulence factor because if in Escherichia coli...
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there are no fimbriae it will colonize the large intestine, but if there are some strains with fimbriae, they will colonize in the small intestine
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What is the purpose of flagella?
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stiff, locomotion appendage
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What are the three components of the Flagellin structure?
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helical filament, hook, and basal body
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What are the 3 jobs of the basal body:
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anchoring ring, cytoplasm motor, rotating rod
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What is the difference between flagella in Gram- and Gram+?
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Gram- has two more anchoring ring structures because of the outer membrane
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What is the difference between monotrichous, amphitrichous, lophotrichous, and peritrichous?
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mono= one flagella, amphi=lots on one side, lopho=lots on both sides, peri= lots all around
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What is movement due to chemicals, magenetism, and light called?
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chemotaxis, magnetotaxis, and phototaxis
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How do Helicobacter pylori use their lophotrichous flagella as virulence factors?
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they corkscrew through gastric mucus layer, attech to epithelial cells of stomach lining, the mucus layer thins cause stomach epithilial cells to be exposed to acid causing ulcers and stomach cancer
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Are flagella in eukaryotes similar to those in prokaryotes? If not, how different?
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No, much different, arose separately, microtubules, whip-like motion
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What are bacterial endospores and in which type of bateria do they exist?
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dormant life stage of some G+ bacteria
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Describe the structure of the bacterial endospore.
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core: DNA and ribosomes
Cortex: peptidoglycan Spore coat: layer of protein |
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What are the three stages of bacterial endospores?
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vegetative cell, endospore, free-spore
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Describe the cycle of an endospore.
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a vegetative cell in conditions of low nutrients undergoes DNA rep., elongationand forms an endospore-->free spore which hangs out until times are good then is germinated through water, a particular nutrient, or damage to the spore (enzymes digest spore coat), and grows into a vegetative cell again
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Why are endospores so hard to kill?
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heat, radiation, chemical, and cold resistant (virulence factors). Made up of <15% water (enzymes do better when there is low water), DNA repair enzymes, calcium dipicolinate (stabilizes DNA)
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Is the formation of an endospore reproduction?
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NO, does not lead to an increase in cell number
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What is the difference between Eukaryote and Prokaryote growth?
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Eukaryotes: increase in size, Prokaryotes, increase in cell numbers
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What are the steps in binary fission?
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a vegetative cell undergoes DNA replication, elongation, chromosomes separate, and a cross wall forms
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How does the baterial population reproduce so fast?
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Large surface area to volume ratio...can take in a lot of stuff all the time...large surface to acquire nutrients, small volume requires relatively smaller amts. of nutrients
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What four factors influence generation time?
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Nutrients available, environmental conditions, genetics, community interactions
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What are 7 things required for growth?
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Energy, Carbon, Electrons, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and growth factors (chemical substances the microorganisms cannot synthesize)
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In the Carbon category, if CO_2_ is required, then it is _________ and if organic carbon is required, then it is _________
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an autotroph, a heterotroph
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In the electron category, litho (rocks) = ______ and oragnotrophs =__________.
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inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals
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In the energy category, photo = ____ and chemo = _______.
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light, inorganic or organic chemicals
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Ex. photolithoautotrophs: cyanobacteria; purple and green sulfur bacteria
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require light for energy, CO_2_ for their carbon source, and inorganic chemicals for their electron source
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Ex. chemolithoautotrophs: nitrifyig bacteria, iron-oxidizing bacteria
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require inorganic or organic chemicals for their energy, inorganic chemicals for their electron source, and CO_2_ for their carbon source
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Ex. Chemoorganoheterotrophs: most human pathogens
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require inorganic or organic chemicals for energy, organic chemicals for eletrons, and organic carbon for their carbon
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