Microbiology Test 1

Front 1

Microbiology

Back 1

the study of microorganisms

Front 2

Examples of microorganisms

Back 2

bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses

Front 3

Viruses (including an example)

Back 3

non-living but still affect humans, acellular, composed of nucleic acid and protein
ex: bacteriophage

Front 4

viroid

Back 4

a nucleic acid without a protein coating

Front 5

proins

Back 5

infections proteinaceous particles. No genetic material.

Front 6

Bacteria (including example)

Back 6

single celled, prokaryotes, can be spherical, rod, or spirochete
ex: klebsiella pneumonine

Front 7

Algae (including example)

Back 7

single-celled, eukaryotic, nucleus and membrane bound organelles, photosynthetic, fresh water and marine environments
Not a common cause of disease in humans
Ex: micrasteria

Front 8

Fungi (including example)

Back 8

single and multi-celled, eukaryotic, widely distributed n water and soil as decomposers of dead organisms, some are important in medicine
Ex: philobolus

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Protozoa (including example)

Back 9

single celled, eukaryotic, have a nucleus and other intracellular structures, found in a variety of water and soil environments
ex: amoeba

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Robert Hooke
1664

Back 10

slicer of cork

Front 11

A.V. Leeuwenhoek
1684
(1632-1723)

Back 11

observe cell living organisms

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Ferdinand Cohn

Back 12

founder of bacteriology

Front 13

Louis Pasteur

Back 13

Disproved spontaneous generation, vaccines, pasteurization

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Robert Koch
(1843-1910)

Back 14

Proposed the germ theory

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The Cell Theory

Back 15

all cells are the fundamental units of life and carry out all basic function of living things (Theodor Schwann)

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The Germ Theory of Disease

Back 16

states that microorganisms can invade other organisms and cause disease (Robert Koch)

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Atomic Number

Back 17

The number of protons of a particular element

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Ion

Back 18

A charged atom produced when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

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Ionic Bonds

Back 19

result from the attraction between ions that have opposite charges

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Covalent Bonds

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strong bonds which share pairs of electrons

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Acid

Back 21

a hydrogen ion, or proton donor

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Base

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a proton acceptor, or a hydroxylion

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Organic Chemistry

Back 23

the study of compounds that contain carbon

Front 24

Biochemistry

Back 24

A branch of organic chemistry that studies chemical reactions that occur in living systems

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Peptide Bonds

Back 25

covalent bond that links an amino group of one amino acid to carboxyl group of another

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Primary Structure

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consists of the specific amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Front 27

Quarternary Structure

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the association of several tertiary‐structured polypeptide chains

Front 28

Secondary Structure

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consists of the folding or coiling or amino acids chains into a particular pattern

Front 29

Tertiary Structure

Back 29

 folding of the protein into globular shapes or fibrous threadlike strands

Front 30

Prokaryote

Back 30

lack a membrane bound nucleus, almost always single-celled, all are bacteria

Front 31

Eukaryote

Back 31

membrane-bound nucleus, can be single or multi-cellular

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Cocci in pairs (name and example)

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diplicocci
ex: Neisseria

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Cocci in chains (name and example)

Back 33

streptococci
ex: Streptococcus

Front 34

Rods in chains (example)

Back 34

Lactobacillus

Front 35

Cocci in clusters (example)

Back 35

Staphylococcus

Front 36

Teichoic Acid

Back 36

An additional component found in cell walls of gram-positive bacteria which consists of glycerol, phosphates, and ribitol

Front 37

Outer Membrane

Back 37

a bilayer membrane found in gram negative bacteria and forms the outer layer of the cell wall; attached to the peptidoglycan by a continuous layer of lipoprotein molecules. Has surface antigens and receptors

Front 38

Lipopolysaccharide

Back 38

Used to ID gram-negative bacteria, released when the cell walls are broken down. Important component of the outer membrane. Consists of polysaccharides and Lipid A

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Periplasmic space

Back 39

the area between the cell membrane and cell wall in gram-negative bacteria, active area of cell metabolism. Contains the cell wall, digestive enzymes and transport proteins
Gram-positive bacteria lack both an OM and this.

Front 40

Ribosomes

Back 40

Sites of protein synthesis, RNA and protein. Abundant in cytoplasm of bacteria.

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Endospore

Back 41

helps bacteria cells survive when conditions become unfavorable. Highly resistant to heat, drying, acids, bases, certain disinfectants, and radiation. A specialized resting structure found in bacteria such as Bacillus and Clostridium

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Amphitricious

Back 42

bacteria with two flagella, one at each end.

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Petricious

Back 43

bacteria with cells all over the surface.

Front 44

Atricious

Back 44

bacteria without flagella

Front 45

Monotricious

Back 45

bacteria with a single polar flagellum located at one end.

Front 46

Passive Transport

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Cell expends no energy to move substances down a concentration gradient

Front 47

Active Transport

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Cell expends energy from ATP, enabling it to transport substances against a concentration gradient

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Binary fission

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a cell duplicates its components and divides into two cells

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Septum

Back 49

a partition that grows between two daughter cells and they separate at this location

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Budding

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unequal cell division: a small, new cell develops on surface of existing cell and subsequently separates from parent cell.

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Acidophiles

Back 51

bacteria that grow best at 0.1-5.4

Front 52

Neutrophiles

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bacteria that grow best at 5.4-8.0

Front 53

Alkaliphiles

Back 53

bacteria that grow best at 7.0-11.5

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Aerobes

Back 54

an organism that requires oxygen to grow

Front 55

Obligate Aerobes

Back 55

organisms that must have free oxygen for aerobic respiration
ex: pseudomonas

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Anaerobes

Back 56

organisms that do not require oxygen to grow

Front 57

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 57

organisms that are killed by free oxygen
ex: bacteroids

Front 58

Microaerophiles

Back 58

grow best in presence of small amount of free oxygen

Front 59

Capnophiles

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carbon dioxide loving organisms that thrive under the conditions of low oxygen

Front 60

Facultative anaerobes

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carry on aerobic metabolism when oxygen is present but shift to anaerobic metabolism when oxygen is absent

Front 61

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not use it in their metabolism

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Barophiles

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bacteria that live in high pressures, but die if left in laboratory at standard atmospheric pressure

Front 63

Halophiles

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salt-loving organisms which require moderate to large quantities of salt

Front 64

Sporulation

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the formation of endospores, occurs in Bacillus, Clostridium and few other gram-positive genera. Protective or survival mechanism, not reproduction

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Pure Culture

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a culture that contains only a single species of organism

Front 66

Selective medium

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encourages growth of some organisms but suppresses growth of others, e.g. antibiotics

Front 67

Differential Medium

Back 67

contains a constituent that causes an observable change

Front 68

Enrichment Medium

Back 68

contains special nutrients that allow growth of a particular organism that might not otheriwse be present in sufficient numbers to allow it to be isolated and identified.

Front 69

Preserved culture

Back 69

a culture in which organisms are maintained in a dormant state

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Atom

Back 70

smallest chemical unit of matter

Front 71

element

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matter thats composed of one type of atom

Front 72

Molecule

Back 72

when two or more atoms combine chemically

Front 73

Polar

Back 73

unequal sharing of electrons

Front 74

Non-Polar

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equal sharing of electrons

Front 75

Metabolism

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all of the chemical reactions in the body

Front 76

Structural Proteins

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contribute to the three-dimensional structure of cells, cell parts, and membranes

Front 77

Isotonic

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an environment with the same concentration

Front 78

Hypotonic

Back 78

environment with an increased concentration of sodium in the cell

Front 79

Hypertonic

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Decreased concentration of sodium in the cell

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Autotrophs

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self-feeders

Front 81

Heterotrophs

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other-feeders

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Blue

Back 82

Color of Gram negative

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Green

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Color of Gram positive

Front 84

catabolism

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breakdown of substances with the release of energy (exergonic)

Front 85

anabolism

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synthesis of substances with energy used to create bonds (endergonic)

Front 86

Fannie Hesse

Back 86

Suggested agar could be used as a solidifying agent

Front 87

Compounds

Back 87

molecules made up of two or more elements

Front 88

Cation

Back 88

positively charged ion

Front 89

Anion

Back 89

negatively charged ion

Front 90

Isotopes

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have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Front 91

Chemical reactions

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typically involve the use of energy to form chemical bonds and the release of energy as chemical bonds are broken

Front 92

Lipids

Back 92

structural component of cells and energy source. Relatively insoluble in water.Includes fats and steroids.

Front 93

Amino acids

Back 93

have at least one amino (-NH2) group and one acidic carboxyl (-COOH) group

Front 94

enzymes

Back 94

protein catalysts, substances that control the rate of chemical reactions in cells.

Front 95

Nucleotides

Back 95

these join to form nucleic acids

Front 96

Peptidoglycan (murein)

Back 96

the single most important component. this polymer is made up of two alternating sugar units that are joined by short peptide chains that consist of four amino acids.

Front 97

attachment site for bacteriophages, passageway for movement of ions in/out of cell

Back 97

two functions of Teichoic Acid

Front 98

Porins

Back 98

these proteins form channels through the outer membrane

Front 99

polyribosomes

Back 99

ribosomes grouped in long chains

Front 100

lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, decline/death phase

Back 100

four phases of organism growth

Front 101

Lag phase

Back 101

organisms do not increase significantly in number, but are metabolically active and grow in size, synthesize enzymes, and incorporate molecules from medium. They also produce large quantities of energy in the form of ATP

Front 102

Log phase

Back 102

organisms have adapted to a growth medium, growth occurs at an exponential rate where they are dividing at their most rapid rate at a regular, genetically determined interval

Front 103

Stationary phase

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cell division decreases to a point that new cells are produced at same rate as old cells die. Number of live cells stays constant

Front 104

Decline/death phase

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condition in the medium becomes less and less supportive of cell division. cells lose their ability to divide and thus die. number of live cells decreases at a logarithmic rate.