Microbiology Terms For Second Midterm

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Upper respiratory tract infection

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throat and above

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URTI-transmission

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breathe directly and transfer from contaminated object

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Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep Throat)

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Information: URTI, gram positive cocci in chains, have small amount in throat at all times
Symptoms: sore throat
Diagnosis: by culture or QuickVue(ELISA) test
Treatment: antibiotics

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QuickVue test

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can give false neg and pos results, based on ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)

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S. pyogenes+ELISA

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Either directly detects antigen or detects antibodies for antigen.
STEPS (antigen detection):
(1)Put antibody in empty well
(2)Put sample in well with antibody
(3)If antigen is present it will get bound to the antibody
(4)Wash well-leaving only antibody and antigen
(5)Place reagent in well-green antibody with enzyme linked, binds to antibody and antigen
(6)Antigen sandwhiched between two antibodies
(7)Add yellow substrate with reagent
(8)Substrate turns purple if antigen is present

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S. pyogenes+culture

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Blood agar throat culture will show beta-hemolysis if present. Shows clearings around colonies.
Beta = clear destruction
Gamma = no damage with white spots
Alpha = partially greens blood

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Streptococcus pyogenes(Scarlet Fever)

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Information: URTI, follows strep throat, erythrogenic toxin (exo) attacks peripheral blood supply, can only get it once because antibodies recognize protein
Symptoms: causes red splotches

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae (Diphtheria)

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Information: URTI, gram positive irregular rod, secretes exotoxin (encoded by a prophage)
Symptoms: pseudomembrane
Treatment: antibiotics to kill bacteria and antitoxin to inactivate toxin
Vaccine: toxoid vaccine (*D*TaP or T*d*ap)

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"booster" shot

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vaccination that each time produces memory cells which allow the body to make more antibodies each time you get the shot

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Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcal meningitis)

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Information: URTI, gram negative diplococci, infection of meninges membrane covering the central nervous system, caused by many bacteria and viruses.
Symptoms: high fever, very bad headache, stiff neck and/or loss of balance.
Diagnosis: spinal tap.
Susceptible groups: young adults and children.
Vaccine: subunit, protects 4 out of 5 strains.
Major Outbreaks: several colleges, MSU/Mankato 1995 and 2006

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Haemophilus influenzae (Haemophilus meningitis - Hib disease)

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Information: URTI, gram negative rods, does not cause influenzae
Vaccine: subunit vaccine (preventable since 1985)

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toxoid vaccine

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inactivated toxin

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subunit vaccine

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part of the organism that is not harmful, but is recognizable enough to cause antibody production

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inactivated cell vaccine

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whole bacteria cell, usually inactivated with a chemical treatment (can't do too much or it won't work)

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumonia)

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Information: LRTI, gram positive cocci in chains, pneumonia means any infection in the lungs (can be caused by many bacteria, viruses and even fungi)
Symptoms: shaking chills, high fever, sweating, chest pain (pleurisy), and a cough that produces thick, greenish or yellow phlegm
Treatment: antibiotics

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noscomial infections

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an infection acquired while in a hospital (estimated 2 million occur in the US per year)

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Bordetella pertussis (Whooping Cough)

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Information: LRTI, gram negative rods, can cause brain damage because of oxygen deprivation
Symptoms: severe coughing, air rushing into lungs makes "whooping" sound
Vaccine: initially an inactivated cell vaccine (DT*P*)-was very effective but gave 1:300,000 whooping cough, now subunit vaccine (DT*aP*)-less effective, but safe
Major Outbreaks: cases are on the rise because of less effective vaccine

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Tuberculosis-TB)

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Information: LRTI, gram positive rods, stain resistant (use acid-fast stain), kills more people annually than any other bacterium, first isolated by Robert Koch, primary transmission is airborne, before pasteurization could be transmitted through cow milk infected with M. bovis
Symptoms: chronic cough, rust colored sputum, fatigue, fever, weight loss (consumption), tubercules
Diagnosis: Tuberculin or Mantoux test (injected under skin, reaction=positive), Chest X-Ray
Treatment: cocktail of antibiotics, mountain sanatorium
Vaccine: BCG vaccine (live attenuated vaccine)
Major Outbreaks: reemerging disease, multi-drug resistant TB

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tubercles

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breathe in the bacteria, it goes to the bottom of the lungs into the bronchi and alveoli, body's defense system builds nest around it and protects the tubercles from further attack

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Legionella pneumophilia (Legionnaires disease)

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Information: LRTI, gram negative rod, very similar to the flu (more severe), isolated in 1977, probably caused 'Pontiac Fever', very resilient
Resevoir: stagnant water towers
Symptoms: fever, cough, fatigue, pneumonia
Susceptible groups: hospitals (air conditioning systems), cruise ships (jacuzzis)
Major Outbreaks: American Legion Conference 1976 (where name came from), Pontiac fever in 1968

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Coxiella burnetii (Q Fever)

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Information: LRTI, very small rods, member of rickettsiae, do not grow on media, has only cell membrane for protection
Resevoir: Animals, particularly farm animals
Symptoms: very high fever, with other flu-like symptoms
Susceptible groups: meat packers, farmers (can breathe it in off carcases, associated with animal births)
Major Outbreaks: Halifax, NY - man had poker party while cat was having kittens, aerosolized the bacteria

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Staphylococcus aureus

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Information: Foodborne Illness, gram positive cocci in bunches, intoxication, salt tolerant, enterotoxin hits vagus nerve
Resevoir: nose, throat and skin of humans
Symptoms: vomiting (usually uncontrollable), diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, NO fever
Incubation: 1-6 hours
Infective Dose: approximately on 1 gram
Major Outbreak: Japan and infected Snow Brand Milk products(2000), International flight from Japan to North America

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Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA)

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antibiotic resistant S. aureus, on the rise

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Salmonella

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Information: FI, gram negative rods, not very deadly, very expensive because of product recalls, enterotoxin causes intestines to lose water, infection
Resevoir: GI tracts of many animals, especially chicken, amphibians and reptiles
Symptoms: diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, chills and fever
Incubation: 8 to 72 hrs (usually 18-24)
Infectious dose: 10-10^6 CFU/g
Major Outbreaks: Swan's ice cream

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Salmonella typhi (Typhoid Fever)

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Information: can cause serious systemic infection, invasive (capsule, siderosphores), endotoxin
Resevoir: humans only (intestines)
Symptoms: initially, diarrhea(bloody), spiking fever and abdominal pain, subsequently, lethargy, delirium and rose spots
Incubation: 7 to 28 days
Susceptible groups: third world countries, places with poor water purification systems
Treatment: antibiotics (post-infection risk of asymptomatic excretion-hangs out in gallbladder and is excreted in high concentration)
Vaccine: subunit
Major Outbreaks: Typhoid Mary

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Clostridium perfringens

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Information: FI, gram positive rods, food poisoning, forms endospores, enterotoxin (diarrhea)
Resevoir: ubiquitous in nature
Symptoms: profuse watery diarrhea with severe abdominal pain that subsides within 24 hours, vomiting and nausea are rare
Incubation: 8-24 hours (usually half a day)
Infectious dose: need large amount of bacteria (at least 10^6/g of food)
Major Outbreaks: usually associated with settings involving large quantities of food prepared in advance and inadequately refrigerated

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Clostridium botulinum (Botulism)

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Information: FI, gram positive rods, forms endospores, intoxication (toxin gets into synopses and stops muscle movement), obligate anaerobe (grows in stomach), toxin type A more common, toxin type E adapted psychrotroph (associated with northern marine animals)
Resevoir: ubiquitous in soils
Symptoms: early=doubled vision, blurred vision, drooping eyelids, slurred speech, vertigo, difficulty swallowing, dry mouth, followed by muscle weakness, difficulty breathing
Incubation: between 2 hours and 2 weeks, usually 12-24 hours
Infectious dose: very low, most lethal toxin known
Treatment: antitoxin (Equine) earlier the better, human-derived botulism antitoxin for infants, respirator
Major Outbreaks: Alaska and eating raw whale, low acid canned food, potatoes at Texas Greek restaurant

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Botulinum Toxin applications

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paralysis, pharmaceutical uses, comsmetic uses, bioterrorism

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Shigella

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Information: FI, gram negative rod, causes bacillary dysentery
Resevoir: infected humans, asymptomatic carriers
Symptoms: very watery diarrhea with blood, stomach cramps, fever (lasts about a week), can invade blood and cause HUS(Hemolytic Uric Syndrome) infection in the kidneys-is reversable
Incubation: 1-2 days
Susceptible groups: developing countries, spreads rapidly in childcare centers

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Campylobacter

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Information: FI, gram negative curved rods, causes lots of illness, not much death, bacteria makes you sick (not a toxin)
Resevoir: GI tracts of rodents, birds, livestock, domestic pets, poultry is highest association, can survive in water supplies
Symptoms: diarrhea (sometimes bloody-caused by cytotoxin), fever, abdominal cramps, nausea, NO vomiting (lasts 2-3 days)
Incubation: a few days
Susceptible groups: very young or very old (unbalanced intestinal flora), may cause Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)-40% have the bacteria

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Bacillus cereus

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Information: FI, gram positive large rod, forms endospores, two strains, typical mesophile
Resevoir: ubiquitous in nature, emetic outbreaks associated with rice
Type one: uncontrollable vomiting, less common, caused by emetic toxin, produced in the food, incubation period=1-6 hours
Type two: diarrhea, more common, caused by an enterotoxin, incubation period=6-14 hours
*can get one or both*
Infectious dose: high, requires at least 10^6 cfu/g of food
Major Outbreaks: fried rice lunch at Daycare

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E. coli

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Information: FI, gram negative rods, 'traveler's diarrhea', indicator of fecal contamination, used to be more mild, facultative and hearty
Resevoir: commensal bacterium in large intestine of humans and animals
Symptoms: diarrhea

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E. coli serotype 0157:H7

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evolved and aquired toxin from Shigella, causes HUS in and attacks kidneys, aquired DNA from other bacteria in transduction of bacteriophage first seen in an outbreak involving hamburgers in 1982
Symptoms: citotoxin causes bloody diarrhea, lasts about a week or so, can be deadly for the very young or old and the immunocompromised (HUS usually killer)
History/Major Outbreaks: 1994-declared an adulterant in raw beef by USDA after Jack in the Box outbreak, 1996-large outbreaks in Japan(radish sprouts) and USA(Odwalla apple juice)-number of kids died, 1997-first massive ground beef recalls, 2000-larges waterborne outbreak in Walkertown, Canada (6 or 7 people died)

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serotype

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differentiates this from other strains, antibody that recognizes a specific antigen (will stick to it)

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the genus Vibrio

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Information: FI, gram negative curved rods, 28 species total, most important: V. cholera, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. vulnificus
Major Outbreaks: currently in 7th cholera (V.cholera) pandemic-started in the 1960's and spread through Asia-Africa-South America-Central America, stopped at North American border because our water purification is effective, easily spread through water supply

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V. parahaemolyticus

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Information: FI, halophilic (salt requiring), normal mesofile-killed easily by heat
Resevoir: marine environment and seafood, especially in shellfish (filter feeders, have high concentration)
Symptoms: abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, occasionally with mild fever
Incubation: 4-30 hours, usually 12-24 hours
Susceptible groups: those whose diet is made up mostly of seafood, who eat raw or undercooked seafood
Major Outbreaks: the most isolated food poisoning in Hong Kong

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V. vulnificus

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Information: FI, causes foodborne and wound infections
Symptoms: mild for healthy people, can be deadly for those compromised-can lead to septicemia(symptoms: fever, chills, nausea and hypotension, followed by blood-tinged blisters-50% mortality rate)

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V. cholera

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Information: FI, most dehydrating of all diarrheal infections (can lose up to a liter of water in an hour), untreated fatality rate is 50%, treated fatality rate is less than 1%
Resevoirs: water
Symptoms: violent watery diarrhea with mucus, severe dehydration, in severe untreated cases death may occur within a few hours
Incubation: 12 hours to 5 days (not very diagnostic)
Infectious dose: quite a few (10^5 CFU)
Susceptible groups: blood types get gradually immune= (least) O, B, A, AB (most) - not sure why yet
Treatment: extreme hydration with solutes, IV's, etc.
Major Outbreaks: in 7th pandemic

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Listeria monocytogenes

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Information: FI, gram positive rod, psychrotroph (mesophilic, but can grow in refridgerator), kills at a high percentage rate (2,000 infections annually with about 500 deaths), this is the only species of Listeria that is harmful
Resevoir: pervasive microorganism in nature, 2-5% of humans are asymptomatic carriers, deli and ready-to-eat foods, smoked fish, hot dogs, luncheon meats, soft and Mexican cheeses(low acid cheeses)
Symptoms: mild to asymptomatic in healthy people, serious invasive disease (with low doses-10^2) in susceptible individuals, can be deadly
Incubation: few days to a few weeks
Infectious dose: only need small amount
Susceptible groups: pregnant women (listeriosis can cause stillbirths), neonates, elderly, immunocompromised individuals
Major Outbreaks: Bil Mar Foods- leading hot dog manufacturer, 21 deaths including 6 stillbirths, 80 seriously sickened people, caused by serotype 4B:subtype E, strain type E was never detected at Bil Mar plant but did massive recall anway = result = zero tolerance for Listeria enforced in US

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Helicobacter pylori (Peptic ulcers)

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Information: FI, gram negative helical rod, discovered in 1982, accepted as cause of stomach ulcers in 1994, received Nobel Prize in 2005, one of the two men ingested the bacteria and then did Koch's postulates from himself when he got sick, the bacteria breaks down and forms urease which breaks down the lining of the stomach

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Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

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Information: FI, causative agent in Jones disease in cattle which is similar to Chrones disease in humans, no known cause for Chrones-this may be it, pasteurization alone is not hot enough to kill this bacteria