Microbiology - Terms For Fungi, Protozoans

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Chytridiomycota

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Phylum of fungi that live in aquatic environment; have flagellated spores called zoospores, and cell walls composed of chitin

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Zygomycota

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Have coenocytic hyphae. Sexually reproduce by zygospores (2 haploid nuclei fusing in dikaryotic cell; caused by 2 coenocytic hyphae of different species meeting; after zygospore is new haploid spore stage in sporangium)
Asexual reproduction by Sporangiospores.

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Ascomycota

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Phylum of fungi that produce ascospores in an ascus (sac-shaped fruiting body, often formed after fusion of septate hyphae); includes most yeasts and molds that cause food spoilage, plant pathogens
Asexual reproduction by conidiospores

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Basidiomycota

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Phylum of fungi that produce basidiospores on a basidium (e.g. mushroom cap)
Asexual reproduction by conidiospores

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Deuteromycota / fungi imperfecti

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Phylum of fungi that have no known sexual stage

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Conidiospores

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Asexual spore not enclosed by a sac; can be unicellular or multicellular

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Conidia

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Many conidiospores; may be produced at the end of a chain in a conidiophore

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Blastoconidia

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Budding spores coming off the parent cell

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Arthrospore

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Spore formed by fragmentation of a septate hyphae into single cells

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chlamydospores

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Thick walled asexual spore formed by a round swelling within a hyphal segment

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Conidiospores

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Asexual spore not enclosed by a sac; can be unicellular or multicellular

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Conidia

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Many conidiospores; may be produced at the end of a chain in a conidophore

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Blastoconidia

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Budding spores coming off the parent cell

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Arthrospore

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Spore formed by fragmentation of a septate hyphae into single cells

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chlamydospores

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Thick walled asexual spore formed by a round swelling within a hyphal segment

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Dimorphic fungi

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Fungi that can reproduce and grow either in yeast or mold forms

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Septate hyphae

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Cells of hyphae are separated by individual cell walls; considered more evolved

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Coenocytic hyphae

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Also called non-septate hyphae. No cell walls between cell units in hyphae; considered more primitive

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reproductive hyphae

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That portion of fungal hyphae concerned with reproduction (sexual or asexual)

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vegetative hyphae

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That portion of fungal hyphae that serves to obtain nutrients

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Trophozoite

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Early life cycle stage of protozoans in which they are motile and feeding

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Cyst stage

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A resting (non-motile) stage in protozoan life cycle, where a cyst protects the protozoan. May serve as a reproductive stage in some protozoans especially if water is not present in the surrounding environment.

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Pellicle

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Outer covering outside cell membrane in some protozoans (not a true cell wall)

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Contractile vacuoles

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Means by which freshwater protozoans expel excess H2O, to survive in a hypotonic environment

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undulating membrane

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Membrane bordered by flagellum found in some protozoans

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Archaezoa

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E.g.: Trichomones vaginalis (vaginitis), Giardia lamblia (has 2 nuclei, causes Giardial enteritis)
Protozoans without mitochondria, motile by flagellum (sometimes on undulating membrane)

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Euglenozoa

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E.g.: Euglenoids
Protozoans that are motile photoautotrophs, move by flagella.

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Hemoflagellates

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E.g.: Trypanosma brucei (African sleeping sickness), Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas disease)
Flagellated blood parasites, from phylum Euglenozoa

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Ciliophora

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E.g.: Balantidium coli
Protozoans who move by cilia, many small sweeping hairlike structures. Cilia can also move food in towards the cell’s cytostome, or food-collecting groove

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Apicomplexans

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E.g.: genera include Plasmodium (malaria), Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium (swimming pool contaminant)
Non-motile protozoans, which are obligate parasites, have complex life cycles and a defining organelle at the tip of their cells, called an apical complex

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Amoebazoa

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E.g.: Entamoeba histolytica (amoebic dysentery)
Protozoans that move by pseudopods, projections from the cytoplasm that pull cell in that direction.

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food vacuole

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Membrane-enclosed sac in which digestion takes place, common to protozoans

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Binary fission

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Reproduction in protozoans of two identical daughter cell clones

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Chitin

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Polysaccharide found in cell walls of fungi; contains monosaccharide NAG

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Schizogony fission

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Reproduction by creation first of multiple nuclei, then division of cytoplasm many times at once to create new clone cells

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Budding

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Reproduction via a small daughter cell’s nuclei pushing out of a larger cell’s membrane, forming a “bud”. Found in some protozoans and in yeast fungi.