Microbiology Terms And Diseases

Front 1

What causes an infection?

Back 1

microbes that are living on or in a host

Front 2

What is disease?

Back 2

an infection that causes harm

Front 3

What is a pathogen?

Back 3

a disease causing organism

Front 4

What does virulence mean?

Back 4

the degree of pahogenesis

Front 5

What does communicable mean?

Back 5

the spread of person to person

Front 6

what does non-communicable mean?

Back 6

that it is contracted from the environment

Front 7

what does acute mean?

Back 7

that it is short in duration with a rapid onset

Front 8

what does chronic mean?

Back 8

a long duration with slower onset

Front 9

what does local mean?

Back 9

contained in one site

Front 10

what does systemic mean?

Back 10

that it is spread throughout the body

Front 11

what is bacterimia?

Back 11

a bacterial infection in the blood

Front 12

what is septicemia?

Back 12

persistence of microbes or their toxins in the blood

Front 13

what is etiology?

Back 13

the study of the cause of a disease

Front 14

what is epidemiology?

Back 14

the study of the spread and distribution.

Front 15

what does endemic mean?

Back 15

that the disease occurs in small numbers but continually

Front 16

what does epidemic mean?

Back 16

that the disease occurs in large numbers at intervals

Front 17

what does pandemic mean?

Back 17

that it is spread worldwide

Front 18

What does sporadic mean?

Back 18

that the disease occurs in small numbers at intervals

Front 19

what is morbidity?

Back 19

number of cases

Front 20

what is mortality?

Back 20

number of deaths

Front 21

what is a reservoir?

Back 21

the normal habitat for a pathogen when not causing disease

Front 22

what is a vector?

Back 22

a carrier or agent responsible for the transmission of disease

Front 23

what is a host?

Back 23

the body in which microbe causes disease

Front 24

What are the two normal flora?

Back 24

resident and transient

Front 25

what is resident flora?

Back 25

it exists in a stable relationship with the host and is commonly encountered; usually non-pathogenic

Front 26

what is transient flora?

Back 26

it comes from the environment; exists on the skin but is constantly replaced and can be pathogenic

Front 27

what characterizes a symbiotic relationship?

Back 27

one that is beneficial to the host and the microbe and protects the host against pathogenic infection and may even provide the host with nutrient-also elevates the host's immune system

Front 28

what characterizes a commensal relationship?

Back 28

the host is unaffected

Front 29

What are the characteristics of opportunism?

Back 29

flora will cause disease if it can

Front 30

what are the characteristics of parasitism?

Back 30

flora will cause harm to the host and is usually caused from transient flora

Front 31

what are the two major general pathogenic mechanisms?

Back 31

invasiveness and toxin production

Front 32

what is invasiveness?

Back 32

microbes ability to invade the host

Front 33

what is toxin production?

Back 33

the toxin that can remain after the offending organism is gone

Front 34

Describe the invasiveness mechanisms

Back 34

produces capsule to allow bacteria to evade host immune response and extracellular enzymes collagenase & hyaluronidase, coagulase, and kinase

Front 35

What does the extracellular enzyme collagenase & hyaluronidase do?

Back 35

break down and destroy tissue integrity

Front 36

what does the extracellular enzyme coagulase do?

Back 36

forms fibrin clots that allow bacteria to hide from host immunity

Front 37

what does the extracellular enzyme kinase do?

Back 37

lyses clots and allows bacteria to escape host clots and coagulase clots

Front 38

what are the two types of toxins?

Back 38

endotoxin and exotoxin

Front 39

what is an exotoxin?

Back 39

a toxin that is made inside the cell; usually made of protein; very potent; usually causes no fever and is heat sensitive; exotoxins make good toxoids

Front 40

what bacterias produce exotoxins?

Back 40

clostridium botulinum and clostridium tetini

Front 41

what are the characteristics of an endotoxin?

Back 41

made from the lipo-polysaccharide layer of the G-cell wall and is released when the cell dies; less potent than exotoxins; usually causes a fever; heat stable; can cause shock; not good toxoids

Front 42

what bacterias produce endotoxin?

Back 42

shigella species, and E.Coli

Front 43

what is the primary cause of streptococcal sore throat?

Back 43

streptococcus pyogenes which is a GRAM + coccus that grows in chains; its virulence is due to the production of extracellular enzymes and toxins

Front 44

what is the virulence of streptococcal pyogenes due to?

Back 44

the production of extracellular enzymes and toxins; production of hemolysins to lyse RBC; production of spreading factors; and the production of a capsule

Front 45

where is the streptococcal infection loacted in the body?

Back 45

localized in the upper respiratory tract

Front 46

what does the presence of S. Pyogenes cause?

Back 46

an inflammatory response when adhered to URT epithelial cells

Front 47

How is streptococcal disease spread?

Back 47

via direct or indirect by droplets from an infected URT

Front 48

when do the streptococcal sore throat symptoms occur?

Back 48

1-3 days post infection

Front 49

what are the symptoms of streptococcal sore throat?

Back 49

fever higher than 102 degrees F, swollen cervical lymph nodes, inflammed throat and mouth

Front 50

what can be used as treatment for streptococcal sore throat?

Back 50

antibiotics penicillin and erythromycin or can be self-limiting with support care

Front 51

how can streptococcal sore throat be contolled?

Back 51

it can be controlled through prompt treatment and decrease the number of carriers of S. Pyogenes.

Front 52

how can streptococcal sore throat be prevented?

Back 52

by isolating infected individuals and good handwashing

Front 53

what is the primary cause of influenza?

Back 53

the influenza virus

Front 54

what is the structure of the influenza virus?

Back 54

single stranded RNA, helical symmetry with an spiked envelope

Front 55

what two types of spikes does the influenza virus have?

Back 55

H and N spikes

Front 56

what is spike H and what does it do?

Back 56

hemoglutinin for adsorption

Front 57

what is spike N and what does it do?

Back 57

neuraminidase for cell to cell spread

Front 58

what are the three major antigen types?

Back 58

Type A, Type B and Type C

Front 59

Type A infects...?

Back 59

humans, birds, swine, and horses

Front 60

Type B infects...?

Back 60

humans only

Front 61

Type C infects...?

Back 61

humans only

Front 62

what does the influenza virus infect?

Back 62

ciliated cells of the URT

Front 63

how is the influenza virus spread?

Back 63

via direct or indirect contact with infected droplets

Front 64

how lond does it take influenza symtoms to show?

Back 64

1-3 days post infection

Front 65

what are the symptoms of influenza?

Back 65

cough, fever, chills, malaise, aches, pharyngitis, fatigue, and headache

Front 66

how can influenza be treated?

Back 66

with antiviral therapy; amantidine, rimantidine and ribavirin

Front 67

how do amantidine and rimantidine treat influenza?

Back 67

prevent viral uncoating; must be taken early

Front 68

how does ribavirin treat influenza?

Back 68

by inhibiting viral enzyme; used to treat type A and B

Front 69

what is pneumonia?

Back 69

any pulmonary infection that can be caused by different microbes: most are bacterial, some viral, some fungal and protozoal

Front 70

what is the primary cause of pneumonia?

Back 70

streptococcus pneumoniae which is responsible for 80-85% of all cases

Front 71

is streptococcus pneumoniae gram positive or gram negative?

Back 71

GRAM + diplococcus in chains; capsule responsible for virulence

Front 72

how many different serotypes are there?

Back 72

88

Front 73

what does serotype mean?

Back 73

serological variety of a species characterized by the antigens produced

Front 74

where is streptococcus pneumoniae's habitat in humans?

Back 74

Upper respiratory tract

Front 75

how long does it take for pneumonia symptoms to occur?

Back 75

1-3 days post infection

Front 76

what are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Back 76

dry cough, fever up to 106 degrees F, chills, plural pain, blood in sputum, difficulty breathing, acute onset

Front 77

how can pneumonia be treated?

Back 77

antibiotic therapy using penicillin or erythromycin

Front 78

how can pneumonia be prevented/controlled?

Back 78

a vaccine that works against the 23 most common serotypes

Front 79

what is the primary cause of tuberculosis?

Back 79

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front 80

mycobacterium tuberculosis is Gram +. True or False?

Back 80

True. GRAM + cell type; bacillus

Front 81

where is tuberculosis maintained in an infected patient?

Back 81

the lungs

Front 82

what is the primary mode of transmission?

Back 82

inhalation of infected droplets

Front 83

what are the stages of tuberculosis infection?

Back 83

1. disease enters lungs 2. bacteria are phagocytized in the lung-survive inside phagocyte which accounts for virulence 3. disease spreads to lymph nodes

Front 84

what are the symptoms of tuberculosis?

Back 84

weight loss, fatigue, fever, hoarseness, pleurisy, blood in sputum, cough , difficulty breathing

Front 85

how is tuberculosis treated?

Back 85

with combined, prolonged antibiotic therapy for one year or more using streptomycin, rifampin, and/or ethambutol

Front 86

how is tuberculosis prevented/controlled?

Back 86

with the BCG vaccine; bacillus of calmet and gurine, given for partial immunity

Front 87

what bacteria is the BCT vaccine made from?

Back 87

mycobacterium bovis

Front 88

what is the primary cause of the common cold?

Back 88

rhino virus causes approx 50%of all colds-others: parainfluenza virus, corona virus (RNA viruses), adeno virus

Front 89

what is the structure of the rhino virus?

Back 89

single stranded RNA virus with icosahedral symmetry; non-enveloped

Front 90

approximately how many serotypes are there of the common cold?

Back 90

100 different serotypes

Front 91

how is the common cold transmitted?

Back 91

via direct or indirect contact with infected droplets

Front 92

how long does the common cold symptoms last?

Back 92

1-2 weeks

Front 93

what are the symptoms of the common cold?

Back 93

headache, malaise, chills, profuse nasal dishcarge, dry cough, sneezing, sore throat

Front 94

what are some complications that can arise from the common cold?

Back 94

sinusitis, otitus media (earrache), and pneumonia

Front 95

what is the primary cause of staphylococcal food intoxication?

Back 95

staphylococcus aureus

Front 96

what percent of S. Aureus strains produce toxins?

Back 96

50%

Front 97

what are characteristics of Staphlococcus aureus?

Back 97

GRAM +, catalase and coagulase positive, and salt tolerant

Front 98

what percent of the population carries S. Aureus as normal flora?

Back 98

30%

Front 99

how is staphylococcal food intoxication transmitted?

Back 99

it is passed through food contaminated with S. Aureus during preparation by a carrier and then held at incubation temperatures which causes an increase in the number of Staphylococcus in food which increases the amout of exotoxin

Front 100

what are the symptoms of staphylococcal food intoxication?

Back 100

nausea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, chills, headache, and diarrhea

Front 101

what is the treatment for staphylococcal food intoxication?

Back 101

it is self-limiting in 24 hours; fluid and electrolyte replacement to prevent dehydration

Front 102

Botulism has a high morbidity with a low mortality. True or False?

Back 102

False, it has a low morbidity with a high mortality.

Front 103

What is the primary cause of botulism?

Back 103

Clostridium botulinum

Front 104

what are the characteristics of clostridium botulinum?

Back 104

GRAM + bacillus, spore former, anaerobic bacteria;

Front 105

where can clostridium botulinum be found?

Back 105

in the soil, in low acid vegetables and smoked meats

Front 106

what causes botulism?

Back 106

food that is contaminated as a raw product

Front 107

what kind of toxin does botulism release?

Back 107

neurotoxin that is heat labile but very potent

Front 108

where is the botulism toxin absorbed?

Back 108

the gastrointestinal tract

Front 109

what does the botulism neurotoxin block the release of?

Back 109

acetylcholine which causes paralysis

Front 110

what are the symptoms of botulism?

Back 110

dilated pupils, difficulty swallowing, nausea, dizziness, slurred speech, muscle paralysis, death due to paralysis of respiratory muscles

Front 111

how is botulism treated?

Back 111

with an antitoxin to capture any unbound toxin, respiratory support, and enemas and gastric washing to remove microbes from the gut

Front 112

how is botulism prevented/controlled?

Back 112

by boiling canned food for at least 10 minutes which inactivates toxins and proper food preservation

Front 113

What is the primary cause of dysentery?

Back 113

Shigella

Front 114

what are the four different species of Shigella?

Back 114

S. flexnurii, S. sonii-most common in the U.S., S. boydi, and S. dysentariae-most virulent

Front 115

Shigella is a GRAM +. True or False?

Back 115

False. It is a GRAM - bacillus, virulence is due to toxin produced

Front 116

what is the host for shigell bacteria?

Back 116

humans

Front 117

how is dysentery transmitted?

Back 117

by fecal oral root, consumption of contaminated food and water, person to person is rare but possible

Front 118

Approximately how many shigella cells/dose are needed to cause infection?

Back 118

100

Front 119

what are the symptoms of dysentery?

Back 119

diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramping

Front 120

what are the treatments for dysentery?

Back 120

self limiting in otherwise healthy people, fluid and electrolyte replacement, antibiotics chloramphenical, ampicillin, and tetracycline for extreme cases

Front 121

what is the primary cause of E.coli Diarrheas?

Back 121

E.coli

Front 122

what are the characteristics of E.coli?

Back 122

GRAM (-) bacillus, facultative, and lactose fermenting

Front 123

what area does E.coli inhabit in mammals?

Back 123

gastrointestinal tract

Front 124

what E.coli strain is most virulent?

Back 124

0157:H7

Front 125

what two ways does E.coli induce diseases?

Back 125

toxin production and invasion of neighboring cells; both lead to dehydration and salt and electrolyte imbalances.

Front 126

Toxin Production: bacteria produce 1.________. Toxin kills 2._______ cells. Cells evacuated via 3._______. Toxin causes fluid loss in the 4.______ ______.

Back 126

1.exotoxin
2.neighboring
3.diarrhea
4.small intestine

Front 127

invasion of neighboring cells: bacteria 1.______ cell causing death. Fluid loss occurs in the 2. ______ ______.

Back 127

1. invade
2. large intestine

Front 128

what are the symptoms of E.coli diarrheas?

Back 128

serious abdominal pains and cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, and blood in stools in more severe cases

Front 129

how are E.coli diarrheas treated?

Back 129

antibiotic therapy using ciprofloxacin, and fluid and electrolyte replacement

Front 130

what is the primary cause of typhoid?

Back 130

salmonella typhi

Front 131

what are the characteristics of salmonella typhi?

Back 131

GRAM (-) bacillus , facultative, non-lactose fermenting; survives for prolonged periods of time outside the body; survives well in the water, sewage and food

Front 132

what are the five Fs of typhoid transmission?

Back 132

flies, food, fingers, feces, and fomites

Front 133

why is S.typhi able to survive in stomach acid?

Back 133

because it is acid resistant

Front 134

what are the symptoms of typhoid?

Back 134

bloody diarrhea, mounting fever, lethargy, delirium, and rose spots (hemorrhaging under the skin)

Front 135

how is typhoid treated?

Back 135

with antibiotic treatment using chloramphenical

Front 136

what is the primary cause of gonorrhea?

Back 136

nisseria gonorrhea

Front 137

what are the characteristics of nisseria gonorrhea?

Back 137

GRAM (-) diplococcus with fastidious growth requirements

Front 138

what are the virulence factors of nisseria gonorrhea?

Back 138

fimbrea for adherence, capsule to prevent phagocytosis, produce IgAse enzyme to destroy antibodies, endotoxin

Front 139

how is gonorrhea transmitted?

Back 139

sexual contact; organisms adhere to epithelial lining of the uro-genital tract

Front 140

How does gonorrhea present itslef in females?

Back 140

urethritis, cervicitis, internalized infections of the uterus, ovaries and fallopian tubes (salpingitis); women often asymptomatic.

Front 141

how does gonorrhea present itself in males

Back 141

urethritis; internal spread to the prostate, seminal vesicles and eididymis and cause sterility.

Front 142

what is urethritis?

Back 142

inflammation of the ureters

Front 143

what is cervicitis?

Back 143

inflammation of the cervix

Front 144

what are the symptoms of gonorrhea in females?

Back 144

fever, abdominal cramps, vaginal discharge, pain on urination and headache

Front 145

what are the symptoms of gonorrhea in males?

Back 145

fever, pain on urination, discharge from penis and headache

Front 146

what complications can arise from gonorrhea?

Back 146

meningitis, arthritis, dermatitis, endocarditis, pelvic inflammatory disease in females, increased occurrence of ectopic pregnancy, opthalmia neonatorum

Front 147

what is opthalmia neonatorum?

Back 147

gonococcal conjunctivitis of the newborn; acquired from infected birth canal

Front 148

what can be used to prevent a new born from receiving gonococcal conjunctivitis?

Back 148

silver nitrate or antibiotics in the eyes

Front 149

how can gonorrhea be treated/controlled?

Back 149

through antibiotics penicillin, erythromycin, and ciproloxacin and responsible sexual behavior

Front 150

what is the primary cause of syphilis?

Back 150

Treponema pallidum

Front 151

what gram type is treponema pallidum? Is it anaerobic or aerobic? What shape is it?

Back 151

GRAM (-), anaerobic, spirochete

Front 152

what is the host of treponema pallidum?

Back 152

humans

Front 153

how is syphilis transmitted?

Back 153

primarily through intimate contact

Front 154

what are the three stages in which syphilis presents itself?

Back 154

primary syphilis, secondary syphilis, and tertiary syphilis

Front 155

what is primary syphilis and its characteristics?

Back 155

indicated by a lesion called a chancre. In females, 90% on the cervix. In males 90% on the penis. Disease is readily transmitted at this stage. No general symptoms after 10-60 days followed by a latent period of 1-3 months

Front 156

what is secondary syphilis and its characteristics?

Back 156

lesions produced on skin & mucous membranes-contain large number of T.pallidum.

Front 157

what are the secondary symptoms of syphilis?

Back 157

flu like symptoms, loss of hair including eybrows, liver malfunction-jaundice, death can occur in some untreated patients; symptoms followed by latent period

Front 158

what is tertiary syphilis and its characteristics?

Back 158

lesions on the skin, cardiovascular and nervous system.

Front 159

what is a lesion called in tertiary syphilis and why?

Back 159

a gumma because it is soft, gummy, and granular

Front 160

what do gummas do to the cardiovascular system?

Back 160

weaken the wall of the major vessels of the cardiovascular system which leads to an aneurism and death

Front 161

what do gummas lead to in the nervous system?

Back 161

gummas lead to degeneration of nervous tissue and paralysis; gummas on the brain lead to dementia

Front 162

what antibiotics are used to treat syphilis in the primary and secondary stages?

Back 162

synthetic penicillin and ciprofloxacin

Front 163

what antibiotics are used in tertiary stage?

Back 163

none. they are inneffective and tertiary stage syphilis is usually fatal

Front 164

what is the primary cause of genital herpes?

Back 164

herpes simplex virus

Front 165

what is the structure of the herpes simplex virus?

Back 165

large, double stranded DNA virus; icosahedral symmetry, enveloped.

Front 166

how many serotypes are there of the herpes simplex virus?

Back 166

2. HSV1-occurs above the waist and HSV2-occurs below the waist

Front 167

how is genital herpes transmitted?

Back 167

through intimate sexual contact

Front 168

what does the primary infection of genital herpes cause in females?

Back 168

lesions appear on the vagina, vulva or cervix

Front 169

what does the primary infection of genital herpes cause in males?

Back 169

lesions appear on the penis

Front 170

how long does it take for lesions to appear in genital herpes?

Back 170

2-3 weeks post infection

Front 171

genital herpes is readily transmitted in the primary stage. True or False.

Back 171

True

Front 172

what are the symptoms of genital herpes?

Back 172

pain on urination, pain with intercourse, fever and malaise

Front 173

what are complications of genital herpes that arise in females?

Back 173

increased risk of cervical cancer, neonatal herpes

Front 174

how can genital herpes be transmited to baby?

Back 174

transplacentally or during birth

Front 175

what is the mortality rate of infants infected with the herpes simplex virus?

Back 175

80%

Front 176

how is genital herpes treated/controlled?

Back 176

with acyclovir which can be given orally, topically, or by injection. Used to prevent outbreak reoccurrences and transmission to partners

Front 177

what is the primary cause of AIDs?

Back 177

Human Immunodeficiency virus

Front 178

what happens during replication and integration of HIV?

Back 178

1. virus attaches to host cell containing CD4 receptors
2. penetration through membrane fusion
3. uncoating to release RNA
4. RNA copied to DNA via reverse transcriptase enzyme
5. new viral DNA integrated onto host chromosome via inegrase enzyme

Front 179

what are the target cells of HIV?

Back 179

any cells with CD4 receptors- primarily T helper cells, cells in the intestinal tract, brains cells

Front 180

what role do macrophages play in HIV?

Back 180

they act as the reservoir for the virus

Front 181

what are the stages in which pathogenesis occurs?

Back 181

asymptomatic stage, AIDS related complex (ARC), and full blown AIDS

Front 182

Describe the asymptomatic stage

Back 182

no symptoms of illness; patient is seropositive (Ab present in the blood, tests positive for HIV)

Front 183

what symptoms to patients in the AIDS related complex stage begin to show?

Back 183

fever, weight loss due to virally infected intestinal cells, lymph node enlargement, rash, meningitis due to virally infected cells of the brain, fatigue, night sweats and diarrhea due to virally infected intestinal cells

Front 184

how is full blown AIDS diagnosed?

Back 184

by the CD4 cell count and viral load- CD4 cell count below 200 cells/microliter of blood; viral increases to 30,000 viruses/microliter of blood

Front 185

what are the characteristics of full blown AIDS?

Back 185

patients become plagued by opportunistic infections, CNS involvement leads to AIDS related dementia

Front 186

what cancers are common in AIDS patients?

Back 186

B cell lymphoma and Kaposi's Sarcoma

Front 187

What do patients with AIDS die from?

Back 187

1/4 cancer, 1/2 opportunistic infections, 1/4 CNS involvement

Front 188

how is AIDS transmitted?

Back 188

intimate sexual contact, shared needles, congenital infections, blood transfusions

Front 189

How can AIDS be treated/controlled?

Back 189

treat opportunistic infections and cancer, antiviral drugs-reverse transcriptase inhibitors (AZT) and protease inhibitor (indinavir)