Microbiology Tang And Ford

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sulfer metabolizer archae

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anearobic, high temperature, sulfer as electron acceptor and donor, rich g-c dna, pyrolobus fumari

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methanogen archae

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generate methane, obtain co2 by reverse citric acid cycle to make citrate, cannot live in oxygen environments, rumen of cow

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haloarchae halophiles

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grow in 1.5-4.3 M of NaCl, have acidic protiens and g-c rich dna, easy to study and culture

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differences in eubacteria and archaea

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ester linked and ether linked lipids, no lipid branches and fatty acid branches, lipid bilayer and monolayer or bilayer, peptidoglycan and pseudopeptidoglycan

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pseudopeptidoglycan

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nam is replaced by different sugar, 1-3 order instead of 1-4, lysozyme resistant

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similarites of archae with bacteria

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bacillus and coccus structure, genome size, nucleoid, and operson

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similarities of archae and eubacteria

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introns, polymerase structure, ribosome structure, histones

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examples of archaea

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sulfer metabolizers, methanogens, extreme halophiles

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bacteria examples

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deep branching thermophiles, cynobacteria, gram positves, spirochetes, proteobacteria

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deep branching thermophiles

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similar to archaea, grow at up to 95 celcius, some have ether linked membrane lipids, positve or negative gram, can perform photosynthesis, includes deinococcus

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deinococcus

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resistant to desicaiton, low temps, vacuum, low ph, and radiation, can survive 5000 g, killed by heating to 42 celcius

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cynobacteria

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small photosynthetic rods,

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chlamydiae

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parasitic, infects eukaryotic cells, imports atp form host cells, nonmotile, no peptidoglycan

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gram negative spirochetes

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gram negative helical rods, flexible

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axial filament of spirochetes comes from where?

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flagella located in the periplasm

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stages of syphilis

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primary, secondary, tertiary, treated with penincilin if treated early

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proteobacteria

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different from regular bacteria, gram negative, lipopolysaccharide on the outer membrane, e coli, and salmonella

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types of proteobacteria: alpha

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anaerobic rods, more phototrophs, rickettsii, wood tick transmission, rocky mountain spotted fever

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types of proteobacteria:beta

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neisseria meningitides and neisseria gonorrhoeae

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types of proteobacteria:gamma

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largest of five groups: use h2s as electron source, pseudomonas, opportunistic pathogen

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types of proteobacteria: delta

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curved rods, myxobacteria: myxococcus xanthus, no flagella, but can move on soil

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types of proteobacteria:epsilon

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helicobacter pylori, causes stomach ulcers

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tranmitted by dear ticks

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borrelia burgdorferi

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express reverse gyrase enzyme

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pyrolobus fumarii

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bacteriorhodopsin protein

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halobacterium salinarum

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can cause chancre

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treponema pallidum

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found in cow rumen

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mehanogens

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form heterocyst

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cyanobacteria

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cause blindness in infants

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chlamydia trachomatis

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repair dna with homologous recombination

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deinococcus radiodurans

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16s rna

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make it good choice in determining relaitonships in prokaryotes

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techoic acid

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found in gram positve, makes it acidic, enzymes can't digest it

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lipopprotein and lipopolysaccharide

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lipid a, core polysacharide, o antigen,

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staphylococcus

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gram positive, produce exfoliation: protease breaks proteins on skin

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streptococuss

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grow in chain, ferment sugar to lactic acid, susceptible to penincilin,

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gram positive

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many form endospores

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one tail

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monotrichous

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many tail

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peritrichous

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all tails on one sid

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lophotrichous

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common spore forming species

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bacilus subtilis and bacillus antracis and clostridium perfringens, clostridium tetani, clostridium botulinum

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actinomycetes

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mycobacterium tuberculosis, causes tuberculosis, infects lungs, can be identified by acid-fast stain

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bacillus subtilis

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nato

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bacillus anthracis

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cause anthracis

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clostridium perfringens

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gangrene

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clostridium tetani

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toxin muscle spasms

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clostridium botulinum

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produce toxins, muscle paralysis

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6 traditional methods

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1.apply heat
2. consume immediately
3. desication
4. raise osmolarity
5. fermentation
6.

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modern methods

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1. asepsis
2. decrease temperature
3. antimicrobial chemicals
4. radiation
5. filter sterilization
6. antibiotics

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dna polyerase 3

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adds nucleotides

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dna clamp

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holds polymerase 3 on dna

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primase

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adds rna so polymerase 3 can bind

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rnase h

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removes rna

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dna polymerase 1

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fills in gap

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ligase

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closes the nick

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gyrase

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unwind dna

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helicase

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opens 2 strands

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rho dependent termination

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pauses when reaches hairpin loop, rho binds to rna, dissociates

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rho independent termination

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reaches hair pin, pauses, dissociates from dna

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initiation: translation

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if3 binds to 30s to mrna
30s subunits binds to shrine dlgarno
if1 blocks a site of ribosome
if2 brings methionine to p site
50s binds 30s and release if1 and if2

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elongation: translation

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ef tu binds to trna and moves it to a
peptidotransferase creates a bond between 2 amino acids
ef-g moves the 50s subunit forward
30s subunit follow it forward and trna exits

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termination: translation

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rf1-bind to a site and activates peptidyltransferase
rrf binds to efg and hydrolyze gtp to separate 2 ribosomal subunits

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b-lactam antiboitics

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lactam ring, binds to enzymes that from cross links in peptidoglycan

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bacitracin

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prevents peptidoglycan subunits from being transported across inner membrane

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gramicidin

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enter the membrane and form cation channel

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sulfa drugs

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prevent formation of folic acids

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rifamycin b

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blocks initiatin of transcriptions, bind to rna polymerase

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streptomycin

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binds to subunits of 30s, prevent 50s from binding

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tetracycline

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binds to 30s ribosome, prevents trna from a-site of ribosome

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erythromycin

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bind to 50s subunints of ribosome, pulls trna out of p site while stopping peptidyltransferase

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chloramphenicol

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bind to pepidyltransferase site of 50s ribosome, inhibits formation of peptide bonds

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susceptibility measurements

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minimal inhibitory concentration, kirby bauer test

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3 method of gene transfer

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tranformation
transduction
conjugation

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4 causes of mutation

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radiation, chemicals, reactive oxygen species, dna replication errors, reactive oxygen species

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CD8

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protein on surface of cytotoxic cells to help bind to antigen-presenting molecules on the infected

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CD28

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protein used by helping t cells to bind to marcophage

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perforin

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protein secreted by cytotoxic t cells to create pores in plasma membrane of infected cells

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capsomer

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ring shaped building block of icosahedral virus capsid

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terminase

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protein that phage p22 uses to package viral dna

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igm

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antibody that can form a pentamer

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ige

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antibody that is predominantly produced in allergic response

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oriC

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site where chromosome replication begins

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promoter

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where transcription begins

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DNA polymerase 1

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enzymes that removes rna, fills in the gap

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DNA polymerase 3

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enzyme that replicates most of the chromosome

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primase

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enzyme that polymerizes rna in replication

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ligase

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ligase closes the nick

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shine-delgarno sequence

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site where translation begins

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ethanol

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fermentation product

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nitrogen fixation

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reducing n2 to nh3

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filovirus

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filementious, ebola

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lisa virus

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bullet shaped, rabies

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hiv

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cone, retrovirus, +strand rna

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neuraminidase

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tetramer, leaves sialic acid

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hemagglutinin

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trimer, binds to sialic acid

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nucleocapsid proteins

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enclose genome

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tamiflu

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binds to neraminidase and blocks its activity,

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HIV targeted drugs

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protease, reverse transcriptase, integrase

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picornavirus

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+ rna virus, icosahedral, no envelope

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picornavirus shape envelope?

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no, icosahedral

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picornavrius: virus is adsorbed to its host cell via

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binds to CD155

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enter cell via: picornavirus

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direct injection of plasma membrane

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picornavirus: makes

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1 protein that cuts itself up into several smaller proteins

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picornavirus:encodes, genome occurs, capsid assembles in, virus

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rna dependent rna polymerase, all in cytoplasm

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picornavirus: released from host cell

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via cell lysis

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herpesvirus:viral genome

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linear, ds dna

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herpesvirus:cell shape

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icosahedral, envelope

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herpesvirus: adsorb cell via

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binding to heparan sulfate

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herpesvirus:enter cell via

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fusion of cell membrane

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picornavirus:once inside cell

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avoids lysosome and starts translation right away

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herpesvirus:once inside cell

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travels to nuclear pore

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herpesvirus:virus makes

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dozens of proteins

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herpesvirus:encodes

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dna-dependent dna polymerase

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herpesvirus:genome replication occurs

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in nucleus

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herpesvirus:translation occurs

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in cytoplasm

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herpesvirus:virus capsids are assembled

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in nucleus

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herpesvirus: released from cell via

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budding from nucleus, exports via exocytosis

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disease caused by picornavirus:

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colds

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herpesvirus: disease caused

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mononucleosis

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4 methods of disease tranmission

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air borne, vector borne, food borne, water borne

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2 types of forms for caulobacter crescentus

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stalk and motile

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protozoan sporozoites

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happloid, transmitted from mosquito anopheles saliva into blood stream.

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merozoites

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haploid, sporozoites travel to liver and changes to merozoites

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merozoites gets picked up in the bloodstream

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by mosquito and develope to gametocytes, haploid

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in the mosquito gut

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the rbc are lysed and realease the gametocytes, it undergoes fertilization to form ookinetes

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ookenetes

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diploid, migrate from the gut to form oocysts

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oocysts

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eggs that form haploid sporozoites via meiosis, sporogony.

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new sporozoites

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move to salivary gland of mosquito, to be transmitted again

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malaria is caused by

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plasmodium, eukaryotic

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inactivated virus vaccines

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made up of dead viruses, viruses have been killed by chemicals

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attenuated live-virus vaccines

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made of viruses that are avirulent but remain live and can replicate themselves

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Dna vaccines are made of

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dna that encodes viral protein

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recombinant vector vaccines

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are made up of an avirulent virus such as engineered adenovirus whose genome carries a piece of foreign dna encoding a protein from another virus that you want to fight against

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macrophage

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phagocytose viruse

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MHC class 2

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cells digest the virus and put them on

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t-cell recepter

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t cells use it to examine presented antigens on mhc

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clonal selection

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deleting t cells with receptors towards body antigens

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plasma cells

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b cell mature into and secrete millions of antibodies

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memory b cells

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remain in the body for years and can be activated to divide and differentiate quickly

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2 light chains, 2 heavy chains

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each contain constant and variable region, and a variable region

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humoral immune response

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b cells and antibodies

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pore size to filter out bacteria

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a few hundred nanometers

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propagated epidemic

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epidemic that continues to spread to new patients

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phage lambda

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double stranded dna

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cohesive site of bacteriophage

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bind together and turn phage chromosome into a circle

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lytic cycle

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mrna and proteins are formed, will burst

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lysogenic cycle

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integrated into host cell chromosome

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prophage

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the phage genome is inserted into the host genome

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cro and Ci

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codes for repressor proteins that keep transcription from occuring

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ci and ci genes

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one codes for protines that acts as repressor to block transcription

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induction

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lambda virus can be exposed to certain chemicals or uv light to create dna

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cost of one glucose

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6 co2, 18 atp, 12 nadph