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190 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, novibiocin sensitive
staph epidermis
gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, novobiocin resistant
staph saphrophyticus
central clearing on india ink
cryptococcus neoformans:
meningitis in immunocompromised patients, treat with amphotericin B
What is mucicarmine stain used for?
to detect cryptococcus
Name 3 differences between strep pneumoniae and strep viridans.
1. pneumo is encapsulated, viridans isn't
2. viridans is susceptible to optochin, pneumo isn't
3. pneumo is bile soluble, viridans isn't
Name the two coagulase negative staphylococci.
staph epidermis, staph saphrophyticus
How can you tell the difference between strep pyogenes and strep agalactiae in the lab?
Both are gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococci, but...
strep pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive, whereas strep agalactiae is bacitracin resistant.
buzzword: blue-green pigment
pseudomonas aeruginosa
buzzword: red pigment
serratia marcescens
buzzword: yellow pigment
staph aureus
How can you tell the difference in the lab between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Meningococcus ferments Maltose, gonococcus does not.
(both ferment glucose)
Name the lactose fermenting gram-negative rods.
E. coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia
Name the lactose NON-fermenting gram-negative rods.
Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas
Name the only oxidase-positive, lactose non-fermenting gram-negative rod.
Pseudomonas
culture medium: chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
H. influenzae
culture medium: Thayer-Martin
N. gonorrhoeae
culture medium: Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
B. pertussis
culture medium: Tellurite plate
C. diphtheriae
culture medium: Loffler's media
C. diphtheriae
culture medium: Lowenstein-Jensen agar
M. tuberculosis
culture medium: MacConkey's agar
lactose-fermenting enterics
What color do lactose-fermenting enterics turn on MacConkey's agar?
pink/purple
culture medium: Charcoal yeast agar (+iron, cysteine)
Legionella
culture medium: Sabouraud's agar
fungi
stain: congo red
amyloid
Giemsa's stain finds...(4)
Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia
PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) stain finds...
glycogen, mucopolysaccharides (Whipple's disease)
Ziehl-Neelsen stain finds...
acid-fast bacteria
India ink finds...
cryptococcus neoformans
Silver stain finds...
Legionella, fungi
Name 2 obligate intracellular bacteria.
Rickettsia, Chlamydia
Name 4 encapsulated bacteria.
Neisseria meningitidis, S. pneumo, H. influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Name the 2 classes of gram-positive bacteria that form spores.
bacillus, clostridium (both rods)
urease-positive bugs (4)
H. pylori, Proteus, Klebsiella, Ureaplasma
mechanism of diphtheria exotoxin
inhibits protein synthesis via ADP ribosylation of EF-2.
buzzword: tumbling gram-positive rods
Listeria
buzzword: oral/facial abscesses
actinomyces israelii (gram-positive anaerobe)
buzzword: red currant jelly sputum
Klebsiella
buzzword: pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics
Klebsiella
How do you tell the difference between Salmonella and Shigella in the lab?
Salmonella produce H2S, Shigella do not. Also, salmonella have flagellae. (both are gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase-negative)
Usually transmitted from pet feces, contaminated milk, pork.
Yersinia enterocolitica
buzzword: food poisoning from reheated rice
bacillus cereus
buzzword: food poisoning from meats, mayonnaise, custard
staph aureus
buzzword: food poisoning from reheated meat dishes
clostridium perfringens
buzzword: food poisoning from improperly canned foods
c. botulinum
buzzword: food poisoning from undercooked meat
E. coli O157:H7
buzzword: food poisoning from poultry, meat, eggs
Salmonella
buzzword: cat scratch
Bartonella henselae
buzzword: Ixodes tick bite
Borrelia burgdorferi
What is the reservoir for Lyme disease?
deer and mice
Source of tularemia
Tick bite (from rabbits, deer) - Francisella tularensis
Source of the plague
rodents, prairie dogs (yersinia pestis)
What is the Weil-Felix reaction and what does it detect?
Test for Rickettsial diseases - antirickettsial antibodies cross-react with Proteus antigen. Positive in typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but negative for Q fever (coxiella burnetti).
What bacteria has a cell wall that lacks muraminic acid?
Chlamydia
What types of Chlamydia cause lymphogranuloma venereum?
L1-3 (find by positive Frei test)
What do types A, B and C of Chlamydia cause?
chronic infection, blindness (in Africa)
Where is leptospira interrogans found?
Water contaminated with animal urine
Describe the Argyll-Robertson pupil, and what disease does it signify?
Constricts to accomodation but not to light. --> syphilis
Other things besides syphilis that can cause a positive VDRL?
viruses (mono, hepatitis), drugs, rheumatic fever, lupus, leprosy
What is the only bacteria whose cell membrane contains cholesterol?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
On what medium is Mycoplasma pneumoniae grown?
Eaton's agar
buzzword: germ tubes
candida albicans
buzzword: Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, caves, bird/bat droppings
Histoplasmosis (yeast inside macrophages)
Mycosis found in states east of Mississippi River, and Central America
Blastomycosis (broad-based budding)
buzzword: southwestern US
coccidioidomycosis (spherule filled with endospores)
buzzword: budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation
paracoccidioidomycosis (rural latin america)
What is the cause of tinea versicolor?
Malassezia furfur ("spaghetti and meatball" appearance on KOH)
buzzword: mold with septate hyphae that branch at 45-degree angle
aspergillus (ABPA, lung cavity aspergilloma)
buzzword: "soap bubble" lesions in brain
cryptococcus neoformans
Heavily encapsulated yeast, found in soil and pigeon droppings
cryptococcus neoformans
buzzword: pseudohyphae, budding yeasts
candida albicans
buzzword: irregular broad nonseptate hyphae, wide-angle branching
Mucor
Classification and mode of transmission of PCP
Yeast, inhalation. Treat with TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone. Prophylax when CD4 < 200.
buzzword: Gardener with pustule on arm, ascending lymphangitis
sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis). Treat with itraconzole or potassium iodide.
buzzword: cigar-shaped yeast found in pustule
sporotrichosis. Treat with itraconazole or potassium iodide.
Name the organism and treatment for... camper/hiker with bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrea
Giardia lamblia, from cysts in water. Treat with metronidazole.
Name the organism and treatment for...
woman with foul-smelling foamy greenish discharge, itching and burning
Trichomonas vaginalis, STD. Treat with metronidazole.
Name the organism and treatment for...
South American with dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' Disease; transmitted by reduviid bug, diagnosed by blood smear). Treat with nifurtimox.
Types of malaria that have dormant forms in liver (2)
P. vivax, P. ovale (must add primaquine to prevent relapse)
Type of malaria that can cause severe cerebral disease
P. falciparum
Name the organism and treatment for...
African sleeping sickness
trypanosoma gambiense, rhodesiense (transmitted by tsetse fly, diagnosed with blood smear). Treat with suramin (or melarsoprol for CNS penetration).
Name the organism and treatment for...
spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia
leishmania donovani (visceral leshmaniasis, transmitted by sandfly, diagnosed by macrophages containing amastigotes). Treat with sodium stibogluconate.
buzzword: maltese cross in RBCs
Babesiosis (Babesia), from Ixodes tick. Treat with quinine, clindamycin.
Name the organism and treatment for...
severe diarrhea in AIDS patient
cryptosporidium from cysts in water. Cysts on acid-fast stain. No treatment.
Treatment for toxoplasmosis
sulfadiazine + pyramethamine
Name the organism and treatment for...
bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, RUQ pain
Entamoeba histolytica (trophozoites in stool, RBCs in cytoplasm of entamoeba). Treat with metronidazole and iodoquinol.
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis from fresh water lakes?
Naegleria fowleri. Diagnosed by amoebas in spinal fluid. Try amphotericin B but you're probably SOL.
Name the organism and treatment for...
anal pruritus
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). From food contaminated with eggs.
Treat with mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate.
Diagnosis and treatment of ascaris lumbricoides
(giant roundworm)
Eggs visible in feces.
Treat with mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate.
buzzword: eating undercooked pork --> muscle inflammation, periorbital edema.
Trichinella spiralis.
Treat with thiabendazole.
How does Necator americanus invade its target?
penetrates skin of feet
Source of dracunculus medinensis
drinking water --> skin inflammation, ulceration.
Treat with Niridazole.
buzzword: river blindness, lizard skin, female blackflies.
onchocera volvulus. Treat with Ivermectin.
buzzword: worm crawling in conjunctiva
Loa loa. Treat with diethylcarbamazine.
Organism causing elephantiasis, transmitted by female mosquito.
Wuchereria bancrofti. Treat with diethylcarbamazine.
Organism whose eggs contiminate food, cause granulomas.
Toxocara canis. Treat with diethylcarbamazine.
Organism causing cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, larvae in undercooked pork.
Taenia solium. Treat with praziquantel (albendazole for neurocysticercosis).
Can cause abscess in liver with anaphylaxis?
Echinococcus granulosus (from eggs in dog feces). Treat with albendazole.
buzzword: undercooked crab meat, inflammation and infection of lung.
Paragonimus westermani. Treat with praziquantel.
buzzword: undercooked fish, pigmented gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma
Clonorchis sinensis. Treat with praziquantel.
buzzword: snail host, inflammation of spleen and liver, granulomas
Schistosoma. Treat with praziquantel.
What nematodes are ingested? (3)
Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella.

(You'll get sick if you EAT these!)
What nematodes are cutaneous? (3)
Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator.

(These get into your feet from the SANd).
parasite causing...
brain cysts, seizures
taenia solium (cysticercosis)
parasite causing...
liver cysts
echinococcus granulosus
parasite causing...
B12 deficiency
diphyllobothrium latum
parasite causing...
biliary tract disease
clonorchis sinensis
parasite causing...
hemoptysis
paragonimus westermani
parasite causing...
portal hypertension
schistosoma mansoni
parasite causing...
hematuria, bladder cancer
schistosoma haematobium
parasites causing...
microcytic anemia (2)
ancylostoma, necator (hookworm)
parasite causing...
perianal pruritus
enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
All DNA viruses are dsDNA except what class?
Parvoviridae (ssDNA)
All DNA viruses are linear except which three?
Papilloma, Polyoma, Hepadnaviruses (circular)
All RNA viruses are ssRNA except what class?
Reoviridae (dsRNA)
What class of viruses acquires their envelope from the nuclear membrane of the host cell?
Herpesviruses
Name the nonenveloped viruses (7)
calicivirus, picornavirus, reovirus, parvovirus, adenovirus, papilloma, polyoma

(Naked CPR and PAPP smear.)
All viruses are haploid except which class?
Retroviruses (diploid with 2 identical ssRNA molecules)
Where do DNA viruses replicate? What is the exception?
In the nucleus (exception is poxvirus).
Where do RNA viruses replicate? What are the 2 exceptions?
In the cytoplasm (except influenza and retroviruses).
DNA enveloped viruses (3)
Herpesviruses, HBV, smallpox virus
DNA nucleocapsid viruses (3)
Adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus
RNA enveloped viruses (9)
influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, HTLV, HIV
RNA nucleocapsid viruses (3)
enteroviruses, rhinovirus, reovirus
Name the enteroviruses (4)
poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV
All DNA viruses are icosahedral except which class?
poxviruses (complex)
Name two segmented viruses.
orthomyxoviruses, reoviruses.
buzzword: "owl's eyes" appearance in infected cells
CMV
buzzword: Tzanck test, multinucleated giant cells
HSV
Name the picornaviruses (5)
poliovirus, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, HAV.
What causes yellow fever?
flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Monkey/human reservoir. sx: high fever, black vomitus, jaundice. Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions) in liver.
What class of virus is Rubella?
togavirus
What class of virus is rotavirus?
Reovirus (segmented dsRNA virus).
What is genetic shift?
Reassortment of viral genome
What is genetic drift?
Minor changes based on random mutation (antigenic drift).
Where is rabies found in the body, and how does it get to the brain?
Found as cytoplasmic inclusions in infected neurons; migrates retrograde up neurons to CNS.
What class of virus causes yellow fever and dengue fever?
Arboviruses (transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks)
What class of virus is HAV?
RNA picornavirus
What class of virus is HBV?
DNA hepadnavirus
What class of virus is HCV?
RNA flavivirus
What kind of virus is HDV?
defective (requires HBsAg as its envelope)
What kind of virus is HEV?
RNA hepevirus
How does HIV enter T cells?
Binds to CD4 and CXCR4
How does HIV enter macrophages?
Binds to CCR5, CD4
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <50?
CMV retinitis/esophagitis, disseminated MAC, cryptococcal meningitis
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <100?
candidal esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <200?
PCP, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, reactivation HSV
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <400?
oral thrush, tinea pedis, reactivation VZV, reactivation TB, encapsulated organisms (H. flu, salmonella, S. pneumo)
Histological sign of HIV encephalitis?
Microglial nodules with multinucleated giant cells
What is the structural difference between normal and pathologic prions?
Normal prions have alpha-helix conformation; pathologic prions are beta-pleated sheets
Most common causes of pneumonia in neonates <4 wks?
GBS, E. coli
Most common causes of pneumonia in children 4 wks-18 years?
S. pneumo, viruses (mycoplasma, chlamydia)
Most common causes of pneumonia in adults 18-40?
S. pneumo, viruses (mycoplasma, chlamydia)
Most common causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65?
S. pneumo, H. influenzae, anaerobes, viruses, mycoplasma
Most common causes of pneumonia in the elderly?
S. pneumo, viruses, anerobes, H. flu, gram-negative rods
Most common bacterial pathogens in postviral pneumonia (2)
S. aureus, H. flu
Most common causes of meningitis in the newborn (0-6 months)?
GBS, E. coli, Listeria
Most common causes of meningitis in children (6 months-6 years)?
S. pneumo, Neisseria, H. flu, enteroviruses
Most common causes of meningitis in ages 6-60?
Neisseria, S. pneumo, enteroviruses, HSV
Most common causes of meningitis in the elderly?
S. pneumo, gram-negative rods, Listeria
Possible causes of meningitis in HIV?
cryptococcus, CMV, toxoplasmosis, JC virus (PML).
What would the CSF profile look like in bacterial meningitis?
elevated opening pressure, high PMNs, high protein, low glucose
What would the CSF profile look like in viral meningitis?
normal/elev opening pressure, high lymphocytes, normal protein, normal glucose
What would the CSF profile look like in fungal meningitis or TB?
elevated opening pressure, high lymphocytes, high protein, low glucose
Cause of osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
Salmonella
Cause of osteomyelitis in a child
S. aureus
Cause of osteomyelitis in a young adult (20s-30s)
gonococcus
Cause of osteomyelitis in someone with a prosthetic
S. aureus, S. epidermis
Cause of vertebral osteomyelitis
TB (Pott's disease)
Cause of osteomyelitis in diabetics, drug addicts
Pseudomonas
Cause of osteomyelitis in setting of cat/dog bites/scratches
Pasteurella
Most common pathogen in UTIs?
E. coli
Common causes of UTI in hospitalized patients?
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Pseudomonas
How is E. coli detected in culture?
EMB agar, metallic sheen
How is Klebsiella identified in culture?
Large mucoid capsule, viscous colonies
How is Proteus identified in culture?
swarming on agar (due to motility)
What is the "classic triad" of congential toxoplasmosis?
chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus
What are the common symptoms of congenital rubella? (4)
deafness, cataracts, heart defects (esp PDA), mental retardation
The newborn nursery is a risk factor for which two nosocomial infections?
CMV, RSV
Urinary catheterization is a risk factor for which two UTIs?
E. coli, Proteus mirabilis
Respiratory therapy equipment is a source of infection with what organism?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Work in a renal dialysis unit is a risk factor for what infection?
HBV
Hyperalimentation is a risk factor for what infection?
Candida albicans
Water aerosols are a risk factor for what infection?
Legionella
What is the most acid-labile picornavirus?
Rhinovirus
How can Vibrio and Campylobacter be told apart in the lab?
Vibrio survives alkaline enriched media, campylobacter does not

(Both are gram-negative, oxidase-positive, curved)
buzzword: smoker with cough, diarrhea and fever/confusion
Legionella
HSV: type of virus, DNA/RNA, enveloped/non-enveloped?
herpesvirus: enveloped, dsDNA
How does EBV gain entry into B cells?
Via the CD21 receptor
What is the mechanism of the cholera toxin?
Increases cAMP by upregulating adenylyl cyclase in intestinal epithelial cells (same as Pseudomonas)