Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
190 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, novibiocin sensitive
|
staph epidermis
|
|
gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, novobiocin resistant
|
staph saphrophyticus
|
|
central clearing on india ink
|
cryptococcus neoformans:
meningitis in immunocompromised patients, treat with amphotericin B |
|
What is mucicarmine stain used for?
|
to detect cryptococcus
|
|
Name 3 differences between strep pneumoniae and strep viridans.
|
1. pneumo is encapsulated, viridans isn't
2. viridans is susceptible to optochin, pneumo isn't 3. pneumo is bile soluble, viridans isn't |
|
Name the two coagulase negative staphylococci.
|
staph epidermis, staph saphrophyticus
|
|
How can you tell the difference between strep pyogenes and strep agalactiae in the lab?
|
Both are gram-positive, beta-hemolytic streptococci, but...
strep pyogenes is bacitracin sensitive, whereas strep agalactiae is bacitracin resistant. |
|
buzzword: blue-green pigment
|
pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
buzzword: red pigment
|
serratia marcescens
|
|
buzzword: yellow pigment
|
staph aureus
|
|
How can you tell the difference in the lab between Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
|
Meningococcus ferments Maltose, gonococcus does not.
(both ferment glucose) |
|
Name the lactose fermenting gram-negative rods.
|
E. coli, Klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia
|
|
Name the lactose NON-fermenting gram-negative rods.
|
Shigella, Salmonella, Proteus, Pseudomonas
|
|
Name the only oxidase-positive, lactose non-fermenting gram-negative rod.
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
culture medium: chocolate agar with factors V (NAD) and X (hematin)
|
H. influenzae
|
|
culture medium: Thayer-Martin
|
N. gonorrhoeae
|
|
culture medium: Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
|
B. pertussis
|
|
culture medium: Tellurite plate
|
C. diphtheriae
|
|
culture medium: Loffler's media
|
C. diphtheriae
|
|
culture medium: Lowenstein-Jensen agar
|
M. tuberculosis
|
|
culture medium: MacConkey's agar
|
lactose-fermenting enterics
|
|
What color do lactose-fermenting enterics turn on MacConkey's agar?
|
pink/purple
|
|
culture medium: Charcoal yeast agar (+iron, cysteine)
|
Legionella
|
|
culture medium: Sabouraud's agar
|
fungi
|
|
stain: congo red
|
amyloid
|
|
Giemsa's stain finds...(4)
|
Borrelia, Plasmodium, trypanosomes, Chlamydia
|
|
PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) stain finds...
|
glycogen, mucopolysaccharides (Whipple's disease)
|
|
Ziehl-Neelsen stain finds...
|
acid-fast bacteria
|
|
India ink finds...
|
cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
Silver stain finds...
|
Legionella, fungi
|
|
Name 2 obligate intracellular bacteria.
|
Rickettsia, Chlamydia
|
|
Name 4 encapsulated bacteria.
|
Neisseria meningitidis, S. pneumo, H. influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae.
|
|
Name the 2 classes of gram-positive bacteria that form spores.
|
bacillus, clostridium (both rods)
|
|
urease-positive bugs (4)
|
H. pylori, Proteus, Klebsiella, Ureaplasma
|
|
mechanism of diphtheria exotoxin
|
inhibits protein synthesis via ADP ribosylation of EF-2.
|
|
buzzword: tumbling gram-positive rods
|
Listeria
|
|
buzzword: oral/facial abscesses
|
actinomyces israelii (gram-positive anaerobe)
|
|
buzzword: red currant jelly sputum
|
Klebsiella
|
|
buzzword: pneumonia in alcoholics and diabetics
|
Klebsiella
|
|
How do you tell the difference between Salmonella and Shigella in the lab?
|
Salmonella produce H2S, Shigella do not. Also, salmonella have flagellae. (both are gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting, oxidase-negative)
|
|
Usually transmitted from pet feces, contaminated milk, pork.
|
Yersinia enterocolitica
|
|
buzzword: food poisoning from reheated rice
|
bacillus cereus
|
|
buzzword: food poisoning from meats, mayonnaise, custard
|
staph aureus
|
|
buzzword: food poisoning from reheated meat dishes
|
clostridium perfringens
|
|
buzzword: food poisoning from improperly canned foods
|
c. botulinum
|
|
buzzword: food poisoning from undercooked meat
|
E. coli O157:H7
|
|
buzzword: food poisoning from poultry, meat, eggs
|
Salmonella
|
|
buzzword: cat scratch
|
Bartonella henselae
|
|
buzzword: Ixodes tick bite
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
What is the reservoir for Lyme disease?
|
deer and mice
|
|
Source of tularemia
|
Tick bite (from rabbits, deer) - Francisella tularensis
|
|
Source of the plague
|
rodents, prairie dogs (yersinia pestis)
|
|
What is the Weil-Felix reaction and what does it detect?
|
Test for Rickettsial diseases - antirickettsial antibodies cross-react with Proteus antigen. Positive in typhus and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but negative for Q fever (coxiella burnetti).
|
|
What bacteria has a cell wall that lacks muraminic acid?
|
Chlamydia
|
|
What types of Chlamydia cause lymphogranuloma venereum?
|
L1-3 (find by positive Frei test)
|
|
What do types A, B and C of Chlamydia cause?
|
chronic infection, blindness (in Africa)
|
|
Where is leptospira interrogans found?
|
Water contaminated with animal urine
|
|
Describe the Argyll-Robertson pupil, and what disease does it signify?
|
Constricts to accomodation but not to light. --> syphilis
|
|
Other things besides syphilis that can cause a positive VDRL?
|
viruses (mono, hepatitis), drugs, rheumatic fever, lupus, leprosy
|
|
What is the only bacteria whose cell membrane contains cholesterol?
|
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
On what medium is Mycoplasma pneumoniae grown?
|
Eaton's agar
|
|
buzzword: germ tubes
|
candida albicans
|
|
buzzword: Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, caves, bird/bat droppings
|
Histoplasmosis (yeast inside macrophages)
|
|
Mycosis found in states east of Mississippi River, and Central America
|
Blastomycosis (broad-based budding)
|
|
buzzword: southwestern US
|
coccidioidomycosis (spherule filled with endospores)
|
|
buzzword: budding yeast with "captain's wheel" formation
|
paracoccidioidomycosis (rural latin america)
|
|
What is the cause of tinea versicolor?
|
Malassezia furfur ("spaghetti and meatball" appearance on KOH)
|
|
buzzword: mold with septate hyphae that branch at 45-degree angle
|
aspergillus (ABPA, lung cavity aspergilloma)
|
|
buzzword: "soap bubble" lesions in brain
|
cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
Heavily encapsulated yeast, found in soil and pigeon droppings
|
cryptococcus neoformans
|
|
buzzword: pseudohyphae, budding yeasts
|
candida albicans
|
|
buzzword: irregular broad nonseptate hyphae, wide-angle branching
|
Mucor
|
|
Classification and mode of transmission of PCP
|
Yeast, inhalation. Treat with TMP-SMX, pentamidine, dapsone. Prophylax when CD4 < 200.
|
|
buzzword: Gardener with pustule on arm, ascending lymphangitis
|
sporothrix schenckii (sporotrichosis). Treat with itraconzole or potassium iodide.
|
|
buzzword: cigar-shaped yeast found in pustule
|
sporotrichosis. Treat with itraconazole or potassium iodide.
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for... camper/hiker with bloating, flatulence, foul-smelling diarrea
|
Giardia lamblia, from cysts in water. Treat with metronidazole.
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
woman with foul-smelling foamy greenish discharge, itching and burning |
Trichomonas vaginalis, STD. Treat with metronidazole.
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
South American with dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon |
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' Disease; transmitted by reduviid bug, diagnosed by blood smear). Treat with nifurtimox.
|
|
Types of malaria that have dormant forms in liver (2)
|
P. vivax, P. ovale (must add primaquine to prevent relapse)
|
|
Type of malaria that can cause severe cerebral disease
|
P. falciparum
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
African sleeping sickness |
trypanosoma gambiense, rhodesiense (transmitted by tsetse fly, diagnosed with blood smear). Treat with suramin (or melarsoprol for CNS penetration).
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
spiking fevers, hepatosplenomegaly, pancytopenia |
leishmania donovani (visceral leshmaniasis, transmitted by sandfly, diagnosed by macrophages containing amastigotes). Treat with sodium stibogluconate.
|
|
buzzword: maltese cross in RBCs
|
Babesiosis (Babesia), from Ixodes tick. Treat with quinine, clindamycin.
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
severe diarrhea in AIDS patient |
cryptosporidium from cysts in water. Cysts on acid-fast stain. No treatment.
|
|
Treatment for toxoplasmosis
|
sulfadiazine + pyramethamine
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
bloody diarrhea, liver abscess, RUQ pain |
Entamoeba histolytica (trophozoites in stool, RBCs in cytoplasm of entamoeba). Treat with metronidazole and iodoquinol.
|
|
Rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis from fresh water lakes?
|
Naegleria fowleri. Diagnosed by amoebas in spinal fluid. Try amphotericin B but you're probably SOL.
|
|
Name the organism and treatment for...
anal pruritus |
Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). From food contaminated with eggs.
Treat with mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate. |
|
Diagnosis and treatment of ascaris lumbricoides
|
(giant roundworm)
Eggs visible in feces. Treat with mebendazole/pyrantel pamoate. |
|
buzzword: eating undercooked pork --> muscle inflammation, periorbital edema.
|
Trichinella spiralis.
Treat with thiabendazole. |
|
How does Necator americanus invade its target?
|
penetrates skin of feet
|
|
Source of dracunculus medinensis
|
drinking water --> skin inflammation, ulceration.
Treat with Niridazole. |
|
buzzword: river blindness, lizard skin, female blackflies.
|
onchocera volvulus. Treat with Ivermectin.
|
|
buzzword: worm crawling in conjunctiva
|
Loa loa. Treat with diethylcarbamazine.
|
|
Organism causing elephantiasis, transmitted by female mosquito.
|
Wuchereria bancrofti. Treat with diethylcarbamazine.
|
|
Organism whose eggs contiminate food, cause granulomas.
|
Toxocara canis. Treat with diethylcarbamazine.
|
|
Organism causing cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis, larvae in undercooked pork.
|
Taenia solium. Treat with praziquantel (albendazole for neurocysticercosis).
|
|
Can cause abscess in liver with anaphylaxis?
|
Echinococcus granulosus (from eggs in dog feces). Treat with albendazole.
|
|
buzzword: undercooked crab meat, inflammation and infection of lung.
|
Paragonimus westermani. Treat with praziquantel.
|
|
buzzword: undercooked fish, pigmented gallstones, cholangiocarcinoma
|
Clonorchis sinensis. Treat with praziquantel.
|
|
buzzword: snail host, inflammation of spleen and liver, granulomas
|
Schistosoma. Treat with praziquantel.
|
|
What nematodes are ingested? (3)
|
Enterobius, Ascaris, Trichinella.
(You'll get sick if you EAT these!) |
|
What nematodes are cutaneous? (3)
|
Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator.
(These get into your feet from the SANd). |
|
parasite causing...
brain cysts, seizures |
taenia solium (cysticercosis)
|
|
parasite causing...
liver cysts |
echinococcus granulosus
|
|
parasite causing...
B12 deficiency |
diphyllobothrium latum
|
|
parasite causing...
biliary tract disease |
clonorchis sinensis
|
|
parasite causing...
hemoptysis |
paragonimus westermani
|
|
parasite causing...
portal hypertension |
schistosoma mansoni
|
|
parasite causing...
hematuria, bladder cancer |
schistosoma haematobium
|
|
parasites causing...
microcytic anemia (2) |
ancylostoma, necator (hookworm)
|
|
parasite causing...
perianal pruritus |
enterobius vermicularis (pinworm)
|
|
All DNA viruses are dsDNA except what class?
|
Parvoviridae (ssDNA)
|
|
All DNA viruses are linear except which three?
|
Papilloma, Polyoma, Hepadnaviruses (circular)
|
|
All RNA viruses are ssRNA except what class?
|
Reoviridae (dsRNA)
|
|
What class of viruses acquires their envelope from the nuclear membrane of the host cell?
|
Herpesviruses
|
|
Name the nonenveloped viruses (7)
|
calicivirus, picornavirus, reovirus, parvovirus, adenovirus, papilloma, polyoma
(Naked CPR and PAPP smear.) |
|
All viruses are haploid except which class?
|
Retroviruses (diploid with 2 identical ssRNA molecules)
|
|
Where do DNA viruses replicate? What is the exception?
|
In the nucleus (exception is poxvirus).
|
|
Where do RNA viruses replicate? What are the 2 exceptions?
|
In the cytoplasm (except influenza and retroviruses).
|
|
DNA enveloped viruses (3)
|
Herpesviruses, HBV, smallpox virus
|
|
DNA nucleocapsid viruses (3)
|
Adenovirus, papillomaviruses, parvovirus
|
|
RNA enveloped viruses (9)
|
influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, HTLV, HIV
|
|
RNA nucleocapsid viruses (3)
|
enteroviruses, rhinovirus, reovirus
|
|
Name the enteroviruses (4)
|
poliovirus, coxsackievirus, echovirus, HAV
|
|
All DNA viruses are icosahedral except which class?
|
poxviruses (complex)
|
|
Name two segmented viruses.
|
orthomyxoviruses, reoviruses.
|
|
buzzword: "owl's eyes" appearance in infected cells
|
CMV
|
|
buzzword: Tzanck test, multinucleated giant cells
|
HSV
|
|
Name the picornaviruses (5)
|
poliovirus, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, HAV.
|
|
What causes yellow fever?
|
flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. Monkey/human reservoir. sx: high fever, black vomitus, jaundice. Councilman bodies (acidophilic inclusions) in liver.
|
|
What class of virus is Rubella?
|
togavirus
|
|
What class of virus is rotavirus?
|
Reovirus (segmented dsRNA virus).
|
|
What is genetic shift?
|
Reassortment of viral genome
|
|
What is genetic drift?
|
Minor changes based on random mutation (antigenic drift).
|
|
Where is rabies found in the body, and how does it get to the brain?
|
Found as cytoplasmic inclusions in infected neurons; migrates retrograde up neurons to CNS.
|
|
What class of virus causes yellow fever and dengue fever?
|
Arboviruses (transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks)
|
|
What class of virus is HAV?
|
RNA picornavirus
|
|
What class of virus is HBV?
|
DNA hepadnavirus
|
|
What class of virus is HCV?
|
RNA flavivirus
|
|
What kind of virus is HDV?
|
defective (requires HBsAg as its envelope)
|
|
What kind of virus is HEV?
|
RNA hepevirus
|
|
How does HIV enter T cells?
|
Binds to CD4 and CXCR4
|
|
How does HIV enter macrophages?
|
Binds to CCR5, CD4
|
|
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <50?
|
CMV retinitis/esophagitis, disseminated MAC, cryptococcal meningitis
|
|
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <100?
|
candidal esophagitis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis
|
|
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <200?
|
PCP, disseminated coccidioidomycosis, reactivation HSV
|
|
What diseases are AIDS patients susceptible to when their CD4 count is <400?
|
oral thrush, tinea pedis, reactivation VZV, reactivation TB, encapsulated organisms (H. flu, salmonella, S. pneumo)
|
|
Histological sign of HIV encephalitis?
|
Microglial nodules with multinucleated giant cells
|
|
What is the structural difference between normal and pathologic prions?
|
Normal prions have alpha-helix conformation; pathologic prions are beta-pleated sheets
|
|
Most common causes of pneumonia in neonates <4 wks?
|
GBS, E. coli
|
|
Most common causes of pneumonia in children 4 wks-18 years?
|
S. pneumo, viruses (mycoplasma, chlamydia)
|
|
Most common causes of pneumonia in adults 18-40?
|
S. pneumo, viruses (mycoplasma, chlamydia)
|
|
Most common causes of pneumonia in adults 40-65?
|
S. pneumo, H. influenzae, anaerobes, viruses, mycoplasma
|
|
Most common causes of pneumonia in the elderly?
|
S. pneumo, viruses, anerobes, H. flu, gram-negative rods
|
|
Most common bacterial pathogens in postviral pneumonia (2)
|
S. aureus, H. flu
|
|
Most common causes of meningitis in the newborn (0-6 months)?
|
GBS, E. coli, Listeria
|
|
Most common causes of meningitis in children (6 months-6 years)?
|
S. pneumo, Neisseria, H. flu, enteroviruses
|
|
Most common causes of meningitis in ages 6-60?
|
Neisseria, S. pneumo, enteroviruses, HSV
|
|
Most common causes of meningitis in the elderly?
|
S. pneumo, gram-negative rods, Listeria
|
|
Possible causes of meningitis in HIV?
|
cryptococcus, CMV, toxoplasmosis, JC virus (PML).
|
|
What would the CSF profile look like in bacterial meningitis?
|
elevated opening pressure, high PMNs, high protein, low glucose
|
|
What would the CSF profile look like in viral meningitis?
|
normal/elev opening pressure, high lymphocytes, normal protein, normal glucose
|
|
What would the CSF profile look like in fungal meningitis or TB?
|
elevated opening pressure, high lymphocytes, high protein, low glucose
|
|
Cause of osteomyelitis in a sickle cell patient
|
Salmonella
|
|
Cause of osteomyelitis in a child
|
S. aureus
|
|
Cause of osteomyelitis in a young adult (20s-30s)
|
gonococcus
|
|
Cause of osteomyelitis in someone with a prosthetic
|
S. aureus, S. epidermis
|
|
Cause of vertebral osteomyelitis
|
TB (Pott's disease)
|
|
Cause of osteomyelitis in diabetics, drug addicts
|
Pseudomonas
|
|
Cause of osteomyelitis in setting of cat/dog bites/scratches
|
Pasteurella
|
|
Most common pathogen in UTIs?
|
E. coli
|
|
Common causes of UTI in hospitalized patients?
|
E. coli, Proteus, Klebsiella, Serratia, Pseudomonas
|
|
How is E. coli detected in culture?
|
EMB agar, metallic sheen
|
|
How is Klebsiella identified in culture?
|
Large mucoid capsule, viscous colonies
|
|
How is Proteus identified in culture?
|
swarming on agar (due to motility)
|
|
What is the "classic triad" of congential toxoplasmosis?
|
chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus
|
|
What are the common symptoms of congenital rubella? (4)
|
deafness, cataracts, heart defects (esp PDA), mental retardation
|
|
The newborn nursery is a risk factor for which two nosocomial infections?
|
CMV, RSV
|
|
Urinary catheterization is a risk factor for which two UTIs?
|
E. coli, Proteus mirabilis
|
|
Respiratory therapy equipment is a source of infection with what organism?
|
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
Work in a renal dialysis unit is a risk factor for what infection?
|
HBV
|
|
Hyperalimentation is a risk factor for what infection?
|
Candida albicans
|
|
Water aerosols are a risk factor for what infection?
|
Legionella
|
|
What is the most acid-labile picornavirus?
|
Rhinovirus
|
|
How can Vibrio and Campylobacter be told apart in the lab?
|
Vibrio survives alkaline enriched media, campylobacter does not
(Both are gram-negative, oxidase-positive, curved) |
|
buzzword: smoker with cough, diarrhea and fever/confusion
|
Legionella
|
|
HSV: type of virus, DNA/RNA, enveloped/non-enveloped?
|
herpesvirus: enveloped, dsDNA
|
|
How does EBV gain entry into B cells?
|
Via the CD21 receptor
|
|
What is the mechanism of the cholera toxin?
|
Increases cAMP by upregulating adenylyl cyclase in intestinal epithelial cells (same as Pseudomonas)
|