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173 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is the number 1 STI?
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Papillomavirus
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Virus
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What is the number 2 STI?
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C. trachomatis
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Bacteria
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What is the number 3 STI?
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Candida Albicans
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Fungi
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What is the number 4 STI?
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Trichomonas vaginalis
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Protozoan
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What is the number 5 STI?
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HSV type I and II
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Virus
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What is the number 6 STI?
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Bacteria
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What is the number 7 STI?
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HIV
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Virus
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What is the number 8 STI?
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Treponema Pallidum
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Bacteria
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What is the number 9 STI?
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HBV
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Virus
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What is the number 10 STI?
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Hemophilus ducreyi
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Bacteria
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What is the most common site of entry for STI?
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Mucosal/squamous epithelium
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What STIs are notifiable to the CDC?[6]
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Chancroid
Chlamydia Gonerrhoea HIV HBV Syphilis |
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What disease does H. duceyi cause?
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Chancroid
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What disease does C. trachomatis cause?
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Chlamydia
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What disease does N. gonorrhoea cause?
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Gonorrhea
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What disease does HIV cause?
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AIDS
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What disease does HBV cause?
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Hepititis B
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What disease does T. pallidum cause?
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Syphilis
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What microbe causes chancroid?
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Hemophilus ducreyi
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What microbe causes Chlamydia?
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Chlamydiaceae trachomatis
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What microbe causes gonorrhoea?
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Niesseria gonorrhoeae
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What microbe causes AIDS?
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HIV
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What microbe causes Hepititis B?
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HBV
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What microbe causes Syphilis?
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Treponema pallidum
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How many new STI are in the teenage population?
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1/4 of the infections
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What are some examples of STIs which will progress to chronic infections?[4]
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Anogenital Cancer Secondary and Tertiary Syphilis Recurrent Herpes Infection |
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What are complications associated with chronic STIs?[4]
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Fallopian Tube Scarring
Congenital Diseases Increased Risk of Acquiring HIV Complications in Pregnancy |
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What is the risk that a pregnant female encounters when she has a STI?
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Transmission to offspring
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What are the advantages of Sexual route of transmission for the pathogen?[5]
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No vector needed
No adaptations Infected individuals are healthy No dormant or latent phase Do not need to be highly virulent |
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Infection of the urethra
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Urethritis
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What are the acute manifestations of STI?[5]
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Urethritis (men and women)
Genital Ulcers (men and women) Genital Warts (men and women) Cervicitis (women) Vaginitis (women) |
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What are the three most common bacteria to cause urethritis?[3]
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N. gonorrhoeae
C. trachomatis Ureaplasma urealyticum |
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What reservoir does Neisseria gonorrhoeae use?
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None, N. gonorrhoeae is an obligate human pathogen
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Describe Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Gram negative diplococci
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Is N. gonorrhoeae an obligate aerobe, a facultative aneaerobe or an obligate anaerobe?
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Obilgate aerobe
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What is the primary site of infection of N. gonorrhoeae in men?
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Urethra
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What are the symptoms of N. gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea) infection?[5]
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MEN
Pus Pain on urination WOMEN Cervical discharge Vaginal bleeding Abdominal Pain |
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What is the primary site of infection of N. gonorrhoeae in women?
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Cervix
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Cervicitis
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Inflammation of the cervix
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What are the possible complications of dissemination of N. gonorrhoeae?[3]
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Pustular exanthama
Tendon or joint inflammation Fever |
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A skin eruption occurring as a symptom of an acute viral or coccal disease
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pustular exanthama
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By what mechanism does N. gonorrhoeae infect?
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Attachment
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Virulence Factor
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What are the virulence factors of N. gonorrhoeae?[6]
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Pili
Outer membrane surface proteins(Opa) Por protein Lippooligosaccharide Iron-binding proteins IgA protease |
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What is the result of interaction of N.gonorrhoeae with the host cell?
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Inflammation
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What molecules do iron binding proteins present in N. gonorrhoeae attack?[3]
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Tranferrin
Lectoferrin Hemoglobin |
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How does N. gonorrhoeae invade the host cell?
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Por protein
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What is the importance of the por protein?
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Prevents the fusion of the phagolysosome
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What is the most serious complication of gonorrhea?
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Scarring of the uterine tubes leading to infertility
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How sensitive is microscopic examination of smears for symptomatic men for N. gonorrhoeae?
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>95%
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How sensitive is microscopic examination of smears for asymptomatic men for N. gonorrhoeae?
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30-50%
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How sensitive is microscopic examination of smears for women for N. gonorrhoeae?
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30-50%
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What medium would you use to isolate N. gonorroeae when other bacteria are present?
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Thayer Martin agar
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What type of agar is Thayer Martin agar?
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VCN agar
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What does VCN stand for and where do you see it?
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V - Vancomyosin
C - Colistin N - Nystatin Used in a Thayer Martin agar to detect N. gonorrhoeae |
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What other criteria are needed to prove that a colony on a Thayer Martin agar or chocolate agar in Neisseria?
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Oxidase +
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Inflammation of the testis, accompanied by swelling, pain, fever, and a sensation of heaviness in the affected area
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Orchitis
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Orchitis
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Inflammation of the testis
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What is the antibiotic treatment of choice for N. gonorrhoeae?
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Fluroquinolone
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In what populations is Fluroquinolone resistace increasing?[4]
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Asia
Pacific Islands California Homosexuals |
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Describe Chlamydia trachomatis[2]
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Small
Obligate intracellular parasite |
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What are the syndromes associated with chlamydia?[6]
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MEN
Epididymitis Proctitis WOMEN Cervicitis Bartholinitis Salpingitis MEN & WOMEN Urethritis |
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Inflammation of glands that secrete mucus to provide lubrication to the vagina.
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Bartholinitis (Bartholin's glands)
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What percentage of Chlamydia trachomatis infections are subclinical in women
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50-70%
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What is the age of infection with C. trachomatis?
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15-24
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What are the forms of C. trachomatis?[2]
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Elementary body
Reticular body |
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis is extracellular?
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Elementary body
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis is 0.2 microns?
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Elementary body
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis enters the host?
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Elementary body
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How does Chlamydia trachomatis enter the cell?
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Receptor mediated endocytosis
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis is infectious?
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Elementary body
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis is intracellular?
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Reticular body
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis is 0.8 microns?
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Reticular body
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What form of Chlamydia trachomatis is metabolically active?
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Reticular body
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What infections is likely to associate with chlamydia
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Gonorrhea
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What infection is likely to associate with gonorrhea
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Chlamydia
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What is the gold standard of chlamydia diagnosis?
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Isolation and culture
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On microscopic examination of the Chlamydia trachomatis culture what feature should be observed?
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Inclusion bodies
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What microbe which causes urethritis is closely related to mycoplasma spp?
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Ureaplasma urealyticum
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Describe Ureaplasma Urealyticum
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Variable: coccoidal to short and branching
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What is a virulence factor for Ureaplasma urealyticum?
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Urease
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What is the function of urease?
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Converts urea to ammonia
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What class does Ureaplasma urealyticum belong to?
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Mollicutes (soft skins)
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Why is Ureaplasma urealyticum known as a 'soft skin'?
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Contains cholesterol in the cell membrane
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What microorganisms are associated with genital ulcers?[7]
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T. pallidum
H. ducreyi C. trachomatis Francisella tularensis Klebsiella granulomatis M. tuberculosis Herpes Simplex Virus |
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What is the "great pox"
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Syphilis
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What are the stages of syphilis?
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Primary
Secondary Tertiary |
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What are the characteristics of primary syphilis?[2]
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Highly infectious
Painless but sensitive ulcer |
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Highly infectious
Painless but sensitive ulcer |
Primary syphilis
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What are the characteristics of secondary syphilis?[3]
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2-8 weeks after ulcer
Generalized maculopapular rash Condylomata lata |
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Generalized maculopapular rash
Condylomata lata |
Secondary syphilis
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Painless warty lesions
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Condylomata lata
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What are the characteristics of tertiary syphilis?[2]
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15-20 Years post-initial infection
Focal lesions |
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What are some important complications of tertiary syphilis?[2]
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Ascending Aortic Aneurysm (obliterative edartaritis)
Neurological deficits (tebes dorsalis, Argile-Robertson pupil) |
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Describe Treponema pallidum[2]
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Spirochete
Obligate human pathogen |
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A phylum of distinctive Gram-negative bacteria, which have long, helically coiled cells
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Spirochete
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How many new cases of syphilis are there each year?
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12 million
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How T. pallidum transmitted?
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Direct contact with primary or secondary syphilitic lesions
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Enters into the subepithelial tissues via breaches in the skin |
Primary syphilis
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How does T. pallidum enter the host?
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T. pallidum enters the subepithelium through breaches in the skin
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Slow multiplication/no tissue damage |
Primary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Produces endartiritis and granulomas |
Primary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Primary lesions heal but bacteria disseminate |
Primary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Disseminated Infection |
Secondary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Evasion of the immune system |
Secondary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
DTHR probably contributes to tissue damage |
Tertiary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Tebes dorsalis |
Tertiary syphilis
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Primary/Secondary/Tertiary syphilis?
Obliterative endartaritis and aortic aneurysm |
Tertiary syphilis
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What test gives you a presumptive diagnosis of syphilis?
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Dark-field microscopy of exudates or lymph nodes
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What are the two types of serological tests for syphilis?
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Screening
Confirmatory |
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What does the syphilis screening test detect?
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Venereal Disease Research Laboratory(VDRL) antigen
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What are the components of VDRL?[3]
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Cardiolipin
Lecithin Cholesterol |
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What is the basis of VDRL?
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Detection of antilipoidal antibodies that are due to T. pallidum damage
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What must be done after a positive VDRL screening test? Why?
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Confirmatory test
False positives |
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What confirmatory tests are present for the detection of T. pallidum?[4]
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TPPA
TPHA FTA-ABS MHA-TP |
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What is TPPA?
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T. pallidum particle assay
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How does TPPA work
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Specific antigens to T. pallidum on gelatin beads
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What is TPHA?
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T. pallidum Hemagglutination assay
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How does TPHA work?
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Specific antigen for T. pallidum on erythrocytes
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What is FTA-ABS?
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Fluorescent-treponemal antibody-absorbed test
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What is MHA-TP?
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Microhemagglutination assay for T. pallidum
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What are the symptoms of chancroid?[2]
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Painful ulcer
5-10 day incubation period |
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Where are ulcers located in an Hemophilus ducreyi infection?[5]
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MEN
Prepuce Frenulum WOMEN Vulva Cervix Perianal regions |
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This disease presents with a 5 to 10 day incubation period after entry of the microorganism though small epidermal surface abbrasions. Presents with painful ulcers on the prepuse and frenulum in men and the vulva cervix and perianal regions in women, it is prominent in the tropics. What is the disease?
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Chancroid
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This disease presents with a 5 to 10 day incubation period after entry of the microorganism though small epidermal surface abbrasions. Presents with painful ulcers on the prepuse and frenulum in men and the vulva cervix and perianal regions in women, it is prominent in the tropics. What is the organism?
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Hemophilus ducreyi
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What medium is required for cultivation of Hemophilus ducreyi?
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Mueller-Hinton agar
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What is the Meuller-Hinton agar composed of?[2]
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5% chocolatised horse blood
1% IsoVitaleX |
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What organism does the Meuller-Hinton agar grow?
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Hemophilus ducreyi
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Describe Herpes Simplex Virus[2]
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Linear dsDNA
Enveloped |
DNA or RNA, ds ss, enveloped noneveloped
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What family is Herpes Simpex Virus?
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Alphaherpesvirinae
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What are the symptoms of HSV infection?[5]
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Fever
Malaise Regional lymphadenopathy Urethritis Ulcers/lesions |
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What is the tissue tropism for HSV?
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Neurotropic
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What is the mode of transmission of HSV type I?[2]
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Oral-Oral
Oral-Genital |
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What is the mode of transmission of HSV type II?
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Genital-genital
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Why is HSV easily transmissible?[2]
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Virus shedding with no visible lesions
Many infected individuals are asymptomatic |
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What is the site of entry for Herpes Simplex Virus?[2]
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Mucous membranes
Skin |
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How does an individual generally acquire the Herpes Simplex Virus?
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Sexual Contact
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How does the Herpes Simplex Virus enter the host cell?
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Fusion of the envelope to the cell membrane
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What type of cell does Herpes Simplex Virus enter directly after exposure?
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Epithelial cells
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Synthesis of viral genes:
Immediate Early/Early/Late: Proteins to start and regulate viral transcription |
Immediate Early
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Synthesis of viral genes:
Immediate Early/Early/Late: Viral enzymes for genome replication |
Early
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Synthesis of viral genes:
Immediate Early/Early/Late: Structural proteins/ proteins for viral assembly |
Late
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In HSV what are the Viral enzymes for genomic replication?[3]
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DNA Polymerase
Helicase Thymadine Kinase |
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What induces cellular RNase in HSV infection?
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Tegument proteins
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Covering proteins
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What are tegument proteins? What microbe are the associated with?[4]
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Between the capsid and the envelope
Virally encoded enzymes Transcription factors HSV |
Location and contents
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What is the action of cellular RNase?
What microbe induces cellular RNase? What is the result of cellular RNase activation? |
Degrades mRNA
HSV Halts protein synthesis/productivity of the cell |
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What HSV surface glycoprotein is responsible for attachment and entry?[2]
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gB
gD |
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What HSV surface glycoprotein is responsible for viral release?
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gH
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What is the function of gB and gD?
What microbe are they associated with? |
Attachment and entry
HSV |
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What is the function of gH?
What microbe is it associated with? |
Viral release
HSV |
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What are gB, gD & gH?
What microbe are they associated with? |
Surface glycoproteins
HSV |
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What happens in a painful vesicle in HSV infection?[2]
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Viral invasion
Viral replication |
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What is result of viral invasion and replication in HSV infection?
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Painful vesicle formation
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How many vesicles can be seen in the primary HSV incetion?
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>20
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Collapse of a vesicle in HSV infection leads to ...
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Ulcer formation
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Why is there puritis, burning tingling or pain in HSV infection?
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Lesion can result in nerve damage or inflammation
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Lesions causing nerve damage in the HSV infection result in what symptoms?[4]
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Puritis
Burning Tingling Pain |
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What are the microscopic findings of a lesion that is the result of and HSV infection?
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Tzanck cells
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Multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies
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What are Tzanc cells?
What microbe are they associated with? |
Multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies associated with HSV
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What are multinucleated giant cells with intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies?
What microbe are they associated with |
Tzanc cell
HSV |
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Describe Human Papillomavirus?[2]
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dsDNA
Nonenveloped |
DNA or RNA, ss or ds, enveloped or nonenveloped
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From what family is Human Papillomavirus ?
|
Papovaviridae
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What are the types of warts that are caused by Human Papillomavirus?[4]
|
Plantar warts
Flat warts Laryngeal Papillomas Genital Lesions |
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How many genotypes of papillomavirus are known?
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>100
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Where is the first anatomical location in which HPV will infect?
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Upper most layer of the epithelium
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What kind of epithelium does HPV invade?
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Squamous and Columnar
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What cells do HPV virons present in?
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Terminally differentiated keritinocytes
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Another name for genital warts
|
Condylomata acuminata
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Where do genital warts appear in an HPV infection?[6]
|
WOMEN
Vulva Vagina Cervix MEN Penis shaft Peri-anal skin Anal canal |
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Which genotypes are associated with HPV infection?[2]
|
HPV 16
HPV 18 |
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In HPV infection, this binds to Rb, enabling continued growth and viral expression through prevention through keritinocyte differentiation
|
E7 gene product
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what does E7 gene product do?
What microbe it E7 associated with? |
Binds to Rb, enabling continued growth and viral expression through prevention through keritinocyte differentiation
HPV |
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By which method is HPV detected?
|
Papanicolaou smear
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Poikilicytosis
|
Vacuolated cells with enlarged nuclei
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