Microbiology Review 1 5 6 4

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Microbiology is the study of

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bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, and algae

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Ubiquitous

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microbes can be found everywhere

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Eucaryotes

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contain nuclei, arose from procaryotes, which do not contain nuclei

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Microbes are involved in

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nutrient production and energy flow

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Photosynthesis

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Algae and certain bacteria trap the sun's energy and produce food by this process

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Humans use microbiology for

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solving environmental, agricultural, and medical problems

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Biotechnology

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applies the power of microbes toward the manufacture of industrial products, foods and drugs

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genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology

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alter genetic material to produce new products and modified life forms

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bioremediation

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microbes are used to clean up pollutants and wastes in natural environments

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pathogens

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nearly 2000 microbes that cause infectious diseases resulting in high levels of mortality and morbidity.

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emerging disease

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newly identified pathogens gaining greater prominence

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microbial cells

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a) small, relatively simple, non-nucleated procaryotic variety or
b) larger, more complex eucaryotic type that contain a nucleus and organelles

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viruses

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microorganisms, but are not cells. They are smaller in size and infect their procaryotic or eucaryotic hosts in order to reproduce themselves

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parasites

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are free living microorganisms that cause damage to their hosts through infection and disease

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Historial Notes

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a)Science of about 200 yrs
b)Hundreds of contributors

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First microscope

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a)Leeuwenhoek
b)discoveries were called "animalcules"

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scientific method

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develops rational hypotheses and theories that can be tested

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early microbiology blossomed with...

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conceptual developments of sterilization, aseptic techniques, and the germ theory of disease

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Taxonomy

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hierachical scheme for the classification, identification, and nomenclature of organisms, which are grouped into categories called taxa, based on features ranging from general to specific

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Taxa categories broad to specific

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domain, kingdom, phylum (or division), class, order, family, genus, and species

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binomial scientific names consist of

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genus and species names

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the latest classification scheme for living things is based on the

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genetic structure of their ribosomes

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Woese-Fox system recognizes often three domains:

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a)Archaea; simple procaryotes that often live in exteme environments
b)Bacteria; typical procaryotes
c)Eukarya; all types of eucaryotic organisms

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Alternative classification schemes uses a five-kingdom organization:

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a)Kingdom Procaryotae (Monera), containing the eubacteria and the archea
b)Kingdom Protista, containing primitive unicellular microbes such as algae and protozoa
c)Kingdom Myceteae, containing the fungi
d)Kingdom Animalia, containing animals
e)Kingdom Plantae, containg plants

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Primitive eucaryotes were ____________ celled

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single

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Endosymbiosis

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A type of symbiosis in which one organism is found within another organism.

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Endosymbiotic theory

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The theory that eucaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when bacteria established an endosymbiotic relationship with the eucaryotic ancestor and then evolved into eucaryotic organelles. Ex:mitochondria and chloroplasts

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Golgi apparatus (function)

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A membranous eucaryotic organelle composed of stacks of flattened sacs (cisternae), which is involved in packaging and modifying materials for secretion and many other processes.

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Name external structures on a eucaryotic cell

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cilia, flagella, capsules, slime layers

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chloroplast

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A eucaryotic plastid that contains chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

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Inside a eucaryotic flagella we typically find

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a 9+2 arrangement of microtubules

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main difference between procaryote and eucaryote

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procaryotes lack a nucleus and lack membrane bound organelles. They have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan

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the eucaryotic cell nucleus

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contains pores that allow for the passage of macromolecules across the nuclear membrane. Macromolecules are too large and therefore must pass through pores.

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chromatin

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The DNA-containing portion of the eucaryotic nucleus; the DNA is almost always complexed with histones. It can be very condensed (heterochromatin) or more loosely organized and genetically active (euchromatin).

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microtubules

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Small cylinders, about 25 nm in diameter, made of tubulin proteins and present in the cytoplasmic matrix and flagella of eucaryotic cells; they are involved in cell structure and movement.

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microfilaments

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Protein filaments, about 4 to 7 nm in diameter, that are present in the cytoplasmic matrix of eucaryotic cells and play a role in cell structure and motion.

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lysosomes

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contain a variety of enzymes that are invlolved in both the intracellular digestion of food particles and in the protection of the cell against invading microorganisms

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(mitochondria) cristae

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membrane folds; hold the enzymes and electron carriers of aerobic respiration to provide energy for the cell

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Ribosomes are measured in ____________ due to their extremely small size

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The unit used in expressing the sedimentation coefficient; the greater a particle's Svedberg value, the faster it travels in a centrifuge.
(we do not use typical metric measurements to measure ribosomes

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diatom

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single celled algae with silica in its cell wall

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Rhizopus

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genus of black bread mold

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Histoplasma

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fungal cause of Ohio Valley Fever

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Cryptococcus

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a yeast that infects the lungs

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euglenid

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motile flagellated alga with eye spots

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dinoflagellate

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alga that causes red tides

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Trichomonas

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flagellated protozoan genus that causes an STD

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Entamoeba

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the cause of amoebic dysentary

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Plasmodium

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the cause of malaria

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Enterobius

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helminth worm involved in pinworm infection

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cell wall is found in which eucaryotes

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fungi and algae (not protozoa)

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almost all protozoa have a

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trophozoite stage

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the protozoan trophozoite is the

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active feeding stage

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all mature sporozoa are

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parasitic and non motile

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parasitic helminths reproduce with

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eggs and sperm

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most helminth infections act how

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spread to major systems of the body