Microbiology Quincy College Exam

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Bateriology

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study of bacteria

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Mycology

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study of fungi

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Parisitology

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study of protozoa and parasitic worms

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Immunology

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study of immunity

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Virology

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study of viruses

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Pasteurization

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use of high heat in a short amount of time to kill bacteria

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Bioremediation

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any process that uses microorganisms or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition

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Biological Insecticides

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actual living organisms or the toxins produced by them

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genetic engineering

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bacteria and fungi are used to produce a variety of proteins including vaccines and enzymes

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normal microbia

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prevent growth of pathogens. Produce growth factors such as folic acid and vitamin K.

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Robert Hooke

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coined the term "cell" to decribe the basic unit of life. father of microscopy

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Leeuwenhoek

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described live microorganisms that he observed

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Fransico Redi

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refuted spontaneous regeneration

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John Needham

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boiled chicken broth but microorganisms were still present

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Joseph Lister

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aspetic technique in surgerys

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Robert Koch

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provided proof that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided the experimental steps

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Edward Jenner

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inoculated a person with cowpox. The person was then protected from smallpox

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Alexander Flemming

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discovered the first antibiotic

penecillian

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Germ Theory

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theory that proposes that micororganisms are the cause for many diseases

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Classification of Microbes

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1. Bacteria (true bacteria)-prokaryotes
2. Archaea- prokaryotes
3. Eukarya- eukaryotes

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spontaneous generation vs. biognesis

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living organisms arise from other non living matter. "vital force" forms life.
living organisms arise from preexisting life

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taxonomy

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the science of classifying organisms. provides universal names for organisms. provides a reference for identifying organisms.

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phylogeny

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the study of evolutionary history of organisms.

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chemoheterotrophic

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feeding on organic material without photosynthesis: used to describe an organism that obtains its nourishment from organic, as opposed to inorganic, substances and does not require light energy for its metabolism. All animals, fungi, and many bacteria are chemoheterotrophic.

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photoautotrophic

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organism deriving energy from light: an organism that derives its energy exclusively from light and uses it to synthesize food

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pleomorphic

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different forms in life cycle: the characteristic in some organisms of taking on at least two different forms during the life cycle, or the ability to do this

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monomorphic

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with single discrete form: describes an organism or species that exists in a single discrete form, as distinct from one that changes form, as a caterpillar does when it becomes a butterfly

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diplo-

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1. double, twin

2. having twice the basic number of chromosomes

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staphylo-

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cluster

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strepto-

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twisted; twisted chain

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cytoplasm

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cell material excluding nucleus: the complex of chemical compounds and structures within a plant or animal cell excluding the nucleus. Cytoplasm contains the cytosol, organelles, vesicles, and cytoskeleton.

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cytosol

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fluid part of cytoplasm: the fluid component of a cell's cytoplasm excluding organelles and other structures

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cytoskeleton

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cell framework: the internal network of protein filaments and microtubules in an animal or plant cell that controls the cell's shape and movement

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cytoplasmic streaming

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movement of cytoplasm: the movement of cytoplasm within living cells resulting in the transport of nutrients and enzymes, and in the case of one-celled organisms, locomotion of the cell itself

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prokaryote

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simple organism without nucleus: an organism whose DNA is not contained within a nucleus, e.g. a bacterium

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eukaryote

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organism with visible nuclei: any organism with one or more cells that have visible nuclei and organelles. The group contains all living and fossil cellular organisms except bacteria and cyanobacteria.

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fimbria

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fringed border: a fringed border or part in the body, e.g. that found at the entrance to the fallopian tubes

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Pilus

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part like hair: a part of a plant or animal organism that looks like a hair

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flagellum

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1. slender cellular appendage: a long thin tapering outgrowth of the cells of many microorganisms such as protozoans, that is a means of locomotion

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cilium

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microscopic projection on cell: a tiny projecting thread, found with many others on a cell or microscopic organism, that beats rhythmically to aid the movement of a fluid past the cell or movement of the organism through liquid

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anabolism

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anabolism is the manufacture of complex molecules from simple ones

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catabolism

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catabolism is the breakdown of complex molecules into simple ones. Cells use the energy from catabolism for all their other tasks, including growth, repair, and reproduction.

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cell capsule

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The cell capsule is a very large organelle of some prokaryotic cells, such as bacterial cells. It is a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria. It is a well organized layer, not easily washed off, and it can be the cause of various diseases.

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slime layer

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A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganised layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells. Specifically, this consists mostly of exopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids.

The slime layer is not to be confused with the S-layer, a separate and highly organised glycoprotein layer surrounding many bacterial cells.

The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotics and desiccation. The slime layer also allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as prosthetic medical devices and catheters. It may permit bacterial colonies to survive chemical sterilization with chlorine, iodine, and other chemicals, leaving autoclaving or flushing with boiling water as the only certain methods of decontamination.

A bacterial capsule is similar, but is a well ordered structure that is resistant to washing off.