Microbiology, Prokaryotic Diversity

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bacteria phylum 1

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PROTEOBACTERIA

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bacteria phylum 2&3

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Gram positive bacteria and actinobacteria

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bacteria phylum 4

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cyanobacteria and prochlorophytes

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proteobacteria.. classes

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5 classes, alphaproteobacteria, betaprteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria, epsilonproteobacteria, gammaproteobacteria

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proteobacteria- what kind of
-trophic?

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phototrophic, chemolithotrophic, chemoorganotrophic.

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major alphaproteobacteria

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agrobacterium, azospirillum, ehrlichia, brucella, rhodobacter, rhizobium, rickettsia

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alphaproteobacteria pathogens

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agrobactrium, ehrlichia, rickettsia, brucella

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pathogenic betaproteobacteria

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neisseria, bordetella,burkholderia

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major gammaproteobacteria

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escherichia, vibrio, legionella, pseudomonas, salmonella

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carboxysomes

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structures inside carbon fixing iron and sulphur oxidizing bacteria that fix carbon dioxide due to calvin cycle enzymes

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mixotrophs

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Most species of Beggiatoa, however, can obtain energy fromthe oxidation of inorganic sulfur compounds but lack enzymesof the Calvin cycle. Thus, they require organic compounds ascarbon sources.

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Methanotrophs

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oxidize methane (and few
other one-carbon compounds). Methanotrophs
possess a specific enzyme, methane monooxygenase, aerobes and widespread in nature in soil and water.

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Methylotrophs

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organisms that can grow
using only one-carbon organic compounds.

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what catalyzes biological N2 fixation.

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Nitrogenase enzyme

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Azotobacter Cysts

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negligible endogenous respiration;resistant to desiccation, mechanical disintegration, UV and
ionizing radiation (But, they are not heat-resistant and not
completely dormant). terrestrial

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pseudomonads

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chemoorganotrophic, gram-neg, neutral ph, mesothermophiles,

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subgroups of pseudomonads

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fluorescent subgroups, acidovorans subgroup, pseudomallei-cepacia subgroups,

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enteric bacteria

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gamma proteobacteria, gram neg, non-sporulating, facultative aerobes, includ E.coli, sep. from each other based on type and prop. of fermentation products.

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two patterns of fermentation in enteric bacteria

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mixed- acid fermentation(acetic, lactic, succinic acids formed along with carb.dioxide, dihydrogen, ethanol) and butanediol fermentation(small amounts of acid and everything in addition to butanediol, more CO2 than H2 produced)

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most phylogenetically ancient phylum in bacteria

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aquifex

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what two subgroups can gram positive bacteria be divided into

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low GC and high GC

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largest phyla of bacteria, also gram-negative

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proteobacteria

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Pathogenic γ-proteobacteria. gamma

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Salmonella, Vibrio
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Escherchia coli

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major deltaproteobacteria

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desulfovibrio

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major and pathogenic epsilon bacteria

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campylobacter, heliobacter

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purple sulfur bacteria

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proteobacteria/purple phototrophic.. those that utilize H2S as electron donor and reduce CO2, mostly gammaproteobacteria.

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purple non-sulfur bacteria

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photoheterotrophic using various carbon sources and grow photoautotrophically with CO2 and (H2 or low levels of H2S), all can fix N2

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nitrosifying bacteria's genus usually begins with

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nitroso-

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nitrifying bacteria's genus usually begins with

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nitro-

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ammonia monooxygenase

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oxidizes ammonia in to NH2OH(hydroxylamine)

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nitrite oxidase

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oxidizes nitrite(NO2) to nitrate (NO3)

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achromatium

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spherical sulphur oxidizing, common in freshwater sediments, gamma proteobacteria,

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nitrogenase

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enzyme that catalyzes biological N2 fixation and sensitive to oxygen.

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sulfate- and sulphur- reducing proteobacteria

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utilize organic compounds or H2 as electron donors to reduce sulfate and sulphur. obligate anaerobes.

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Group I of sulphate reducing bacteria

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utilize lactate, pyruvate, ethanol or certain fatty acids as electron donors, reduce sulfate to hydrogen sulfide.

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Group II of sulphate reducing bacteria

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specialize in the oxidation of fatty acids,
particularly acetate, reducing sulfate to sulfide.

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characteristics of pseudomonads

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absence of gas formation from glucose, positive oxidase test, chemoorganotrophic, neutral ph, utilize a wide variety of organic compounds as carbon sources.

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Entner-Doudoroff pathway

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a pathway to metabolize glucose and absent in gram-positive bacteria.

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escherichia

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may play a nutritional role in intestinal tract by synthesizing vitamins such as vitamin K.

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gram positive cocci

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many species are pigmented tat aids in identifcation

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micrococcus

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gram positive, low GC, non sporulating. an obligate aerobe, can be isolated from skin and inanimate objects such as dust.

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staphylococcus

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facultative anaerobe,form cell clusters common parasites, S.aureus,yellow pigmented

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sarcina

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because of s. ventriculli able to make sticky cellulose, adjacent cells attach, cause ulcers b/c of ext.acid tolerance

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lactic acid bacteria

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obtain energy only from fermentation of sugar and complex nutr. req. and limited biosynthetic ability.

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dif between heterofermentative and homo-

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hetero- lack aldolase, homo- more efficient in making ATP.

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lactobacilli

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tolerate acidic ph more than other lactic acid bacteria

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listeria

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gram positive coccobacilli, require oxic conditions

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clostridium

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endospore forming gram positive, strictly anaerobic.mammalian intestinal tract,

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heliobacteria

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anoxygenic phototrophic, low gc, gram positive, can grow in darkness,

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arthrobacter

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considerable nutritional versatility, caffeine, herbicides.

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propionibacterium

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propionic acid bacteria, large amounts of it, anaerobes that ferment lactic acid, etc and make prop.acid, etc. complex nutrition.

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streptomyces

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alkaline and neutral soils preferred, well drained soils, nutritionally versatile.

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antibiotics of strptomyces

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genomes large b/c of antibiotic synthesis,more than 60 anti-,

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photosynthesis and cyanobacteria

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b/c only chlorophyll a present, phycobillins (biliprotein pigments) used as accessory pigments.

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phycobilin classes

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phycocyanins, phycoerythrin

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heterocysts

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adjacent to veg. cells of cyanobacteria, thick cell wall with glycolpid, maintain an anoxic env.

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hormogonia

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fragmentation of filaments in cyanobacteria that break away from filaments

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akinetes

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resting spores that protect cyanobacteria from darkness, drying or freezing, thickened outer cell walls.

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physiology of cyano

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simple nutrition, most obligate phototrophs, nitrogen fixing common,

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phyla of archae

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NECK, nanoarchaeota, euryarchaeota, crenarchaeota, korarchaeota.

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thermococcus and pyrococcus metabolic diversity

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use proteins, starch, or maltose to oxidize and reduces sulphur to dihydrogen sulfide.

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archaeglobus and methanogenesis

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makes methane in small amounts but lakes key enzyme present in all methanogens. grows optimally 85deg,

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ferroglobus

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can also use H2 or H2S as electron donors, optimal growth 85 deg, anoxic.

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crenarchaeota

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most species metabolize sulfur in one way or another.

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sulfotaras

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hot, sulfur rich enviroments where crenarchaeota are found.

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sulfobolus

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also oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+

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acidianus

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facultative aerobe, aerobically, oxidizes sulfur to sulfuric acid. anaerobically, uses sulfur is reduced to dihydrogen sulfide.