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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
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3 means of DNA transfer in Procaryotic cells
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Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
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Transfer of free (naked) DNA from one cell to another cell; introduction, uptake, and expression of foreign material; first observed by Griffith in 1928
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Transformation
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S. phneumococci to determine DNA changed and name process this
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transformation
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In 1944, avery, macleod and mccarty identified the transforming substances griffith found as this
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dna
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a virus carries bacterial genes from one bacterium to another, demonstrated by lederburg and zinder in 1951 with mutants of salmonella typhimurium
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transduction
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carries virus; virus that attacks a bacteria in transduction
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bacteriophage
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bacteriorphage transferring the genetic material
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tranducing particle
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S. phneumococci to determine DNA changed and name process this
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transformation
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In 1944, avery, macleod and mccarty identified the transforming substances griffith found as this
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dna
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a virus carries bacterial genes from one bacterium to another, demonstrated by lederburg and zinder in 1951 with mutants of salmonella typhimurium
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transduction
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carries virus; virus that attacks a bacteria in transduction
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bacteriophage
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bacteriorphage transferring the genetic material
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tranducing particle
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transfer of a limited number of specific genes
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specialized transduction
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transfers any segment of donor dna
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generalized transduction
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bacterium genes are transferred in a single direction by cell to cell contact, usually occurs between pili in bacterial cells
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conjugation
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donor bacterial cell has pili in conjugation, and has f+ or f- strain?
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F+
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recipient bacterial cell has no sex pili, and has f+ or f- strain?
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f-, until conjugation then changes to f+
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lederber and tatum identified this using E. coli in 1946
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conjugation
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when a single gene is stimulated to replicate rapidly
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gene amplification
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method used to replicate genes rapidly
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polymerase chain reaction; 1: heat strand on dna for separation, 2: add taqpolymerase to speed up dna replication
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this test is used to detect chemical mutagens (carcinogens)
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Ames test
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the ames test, uses salmonella typhimurium with all added nutrients except______ because salmonella tpyhimurium only grows with ______, if salmonella typhimurium grows in absence of ________, then it is mutagen
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histidine
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two methods used to detect mutagens
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enrichment and selection
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in __________, prototrophs, which do not require nutrients to grow, and auxotrophs, which DO require vitamins or amino acids to grow, DO NOT ADD NUTRIENTS, if ____________ grows, then mutant is present
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enrichment
auxotroph |
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IN ____________ , _________ ________ is used to find mutant cells, this is also a technique for detecting nutritionally deficient mutants
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selection
replica plating |
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the division of bacteria in which archeae are the only members
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mendosicutes
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the division of bacteria in which members are gram negative and lack a cell wall
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tenericutes
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group of bacteria in which members are flexible, helical, motile, and cause lyme disease and syphilis
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spirochetes
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group of bacteria in which members are smallest and cause atypical pneumonia
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mycoplasmas
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group of bacteria in which members are aerobic, cause gonorrea, and whooping cough
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gram negative aerobic rods and cocci
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group of bacter that requires host cell for replication and cause typhys and blindness
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rickettsias and chlamdias
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differences between bacteria and archea include all EXCEPT which one:
cell wall composition habitat no membraneous organelles daily interactions with humans time of probable appearance on earth |
no membraneous organelles
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crieria used to divide bacteria into 4 divisions based on...
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bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology
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2 criterion used to divide bacteria into 4 divisions
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1. presence or absence of cell walls
2. chemical composition of cell walls |
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gram negative, thin cell walls containing peptidoglycan, photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria
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gracilicutes
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usually gram positive bacteria, thick, rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan, ex: filamenous bacteria
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firmicutes
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gram negative bacteria, NO cell walls
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tenericutes
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either gram positive or gram negative, cell wall WITHOUT peptidoglycan, contain only archae
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mendosicutes
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helical shaped, motile, live in water, human or animal host, examples are treponema pallidum (syphilis), borrelia buroforfer (lyme disease), and leptosporal interrogans
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spirochetes
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respiratory metabolism, ex: neisseria gonorrhea, bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), rhizobium, legumes, legionella pneumonphila, franciscella (tularensis febrile disease)
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gram negative aerobic rods and cocci
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straight, curved, or helical, motile or non motile, found in intestinal tracts of humans and animals, ex: leptospira buccalis and fusobaceterium (both found at the gum line), bacteroides (anaerobic bacteremia, rectal abscess, post surgical wound)
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anaerboic gram negative rods
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gram negative rods or cocci, multiple on host cells but not on artifical media, very small, ex: cause typhus and blindness
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rickettsias and chlamdias
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SMALLEST free living bacteria, NO CELL WALL, cause disease in animals, plants, and humans, ex: mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical pneumonia) and spiroplasma citri
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mycoplasmas
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aerobic, acid fast rods, high lipid content in cell walls, ex: m. tuberculosis and m. leprae
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mycobacteria
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aerobic, soil habitat, produce aerial hyphae and spores, non pathogenic, ex: antibiotics (streptomyocin, cycloheixmide, tetracycline)
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streptomycetes and allies
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produce pigments called PHYCOBILINS, cell walls of cellulose, found in fresh water and marine habitats, can be microscopic unicellular or multicellur and macroscopic
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algae
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all are unicellular, found in fresh water, marine habitats, and moist soil, LACK cell walls, move by primary cilia, cannot see with naked eye, digest food in vacoules, most reproduce Asexually, NO photopigments
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protozoa
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micro and macroscopic, NO photopigments, cell walls made of chitin and hyphae (can be w/ or w/o cross walls)
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fungi
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mass of hyphae
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mycelium
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move by pseudopida, fee living and parasitic amoebas, survive by forming cysts, ex: entamoeba histolytica
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sarcodina (pseudopods)
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one or more flagella, cause human infection, intestinal flagellets, have sucking disks, ex: giardia lamblia, trichomonas faginalis, african sleeping disease
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mastigophora (flagellates)
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move by cilia that surround plama membrane, cilia help procure food by creating waves, ex: paramecia, blantidium coli
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ciliates (ciliata)
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ALL cause infectgious disease, NON motile when mature, ex: plasmodium
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sporozoans (sporozoa)
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produce sporangiospores, soild residents, found in modlded bread, NON septate hyphae, ex: bread mold
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water molds (zygomycota)
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yeasts and some molds, septate hyphae, ex: sac fungi
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ascomycota
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reproduce asexually, rusts, smutg, common mushrooms
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club fungi (basidiomycota)
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domorphic, reporoduce asexually, lost ability to produce sexual spores, ex: penicilllian
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imperfect fungi (deutoeroomycota)
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