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57 Cards in this Set

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3 means of DNA transfer in Procaryotic cells
Transformation, Transduction, and Conjugation
Transfer of free (naked) DNA from one cell to another cell; introduction, uptake, and expression of foreign material; first observed by Griffith in 1928
Transformation
S. phneumococci to determine DNA changed and name process this
transformation
In 1944, avery, macleod and mccarty identified the transforming substances griffith found as this
dna
a virus carries bacterial genes from one bacterium to another, demonstrated by lederburg and zinder in 1951 with mutants of salmonella typhimurium
transduction
carries virus; virus that attacks a bacteria in transduction
bacteriophage
bacteriorphage transferring the genetic material
tranducing particle
S. phneumococci to determine DNA changed and name process this
transformation
In 1944, avery, macleod and mccarty identified the transforming substances griffith found as this
dna
a virus carries bacterial genes from one bacterium to another, demonstrated by lederburg and zinder in 1951 with mutants of salmonella typhimurium
transduction
carries virus; virus that attacks a bacteria in transduction
bacteriophage
bacteriorphage transferring the genetic material
tranducing particle
transfer of a limited number of specific genes
specialized transduction
transfers any segment of donor dna
generalized transduction
bacterium genes are transferred in a single direction by cell to cell contact, usually occurs between pili in bacterial cells
conjugation
donor bacterial cell has pili in conjugation, and has f+ or f- strain?
F+
recipient bacterial cell has no sex pili, and has f+ or f- strain?
f-, until conjugation then changes to f+
lederber and tatum identified this using E. coli in 1946
conjugation
when a single gene is stimulated to replicate rapidly
gene amplification
method used to replicate genes rapidly
polymerase chain reaction; 1: heat strand on dna for separation, 2: add taqpolymerase to speed up dna replication
this test is used to detect chemical mutagens (carcinogens)
Ames test
the ames test, uses salmonella typhimurium with all added nutrients except______ because salmonella tpyhimurium only grows with ______, if salmonella typhimurium grows in absence of ________, then it is mutagen
histidine
two methods used to detect mutagens
enrichment and selection
in __________, prototrophs, which do not require nutrients to grow, and auxotrophs, which DO require vitamins or amino acids to grow, DO NOT ADD NUTRIENTS, if ____________ grows, then mutant is present
enrichment
auxotroph
IN ____________ , _________ ________ is used to find mutant cells, this is also a technique for detecting nutritionally deficient mutants
selection
replica plating
the division of bacteria in which archeae are the only members
mendosicutes
the division of bacteria in which members are gram negative and lack a cell wall
tenericutes
group of bacteria in which members are flexible, helical, motile, and cause lyme disease and syphilis
spirochetes
group of bacteria in which members are smallest and cause atypical pneumonia
mycoplasmas
group of bacteria in which members are aerobic, cause gonorrea, and whooping cough
gram negative aerobic rods and cocci
group of bacter that requires host cell for replication and cause typhys and blindness
rickettsias and chlamdias
differences between bacteria and archea include all EXCEPT which one:
cell wall composition
habitat
no membraneous organelles
daily interactions with humans
time of probable appearance on earth
no membraneous organelles
crieria used to divide bacteria into 4 divisions based on...
bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology
2 criterion used to divide bacteria into 4 divisions
1. presence or absence of cell walls
2. chemical composition of cell walls
gram negative, thin cell walls containing peptidoglycan, photosynthetic bacteria and cyanobacteria
gracilicutes
usually gram positive bacteria, thick, rigid cell walls containing peptidoglycan, ex: filamenous bacteria
firmicutes
gram negative bacteria, NO cell walls
tenericutes
either gram positive or gram negative, cell wall WITHOUT peptidoglycan, contain only archae
mendosicutes
helical shaped, motile, live in water, human or animal host, examples are treponema pallidum (syphilis), borrelia buroforfer (lyme disease), and leptosporal interrogans
spirochetes
respiratory metabolism, ex: neisseria gonorrhea, bordetella pertussis (whooping cough), rhizobium, legumes, legionella pneumonphila, franciscella (tularensis febrile disease)
gram negative aerobic rods and cocci
straight, curved, or helical, motile or non motile, found in intestinal tracts of humans and animals, ex: leptospira buccalis and fusobaceterium (both found at the gum line), bacteroides (anaerobic bacteremia, rectal abscess, post surgical wound)
anaerboic gram negative rods
gram negative rods or cocci, multiple on host cells but not on artifical media, very small, ex: cause typhus and blindness
rickettsias and chlamdias
SMALLEST free living bacteria, NO CELL WALL, cause disease in animals, plants, and humans, ex: mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical pneumonia) and spiroplasma citri
mycoplasmas
aerobic, acid fast rods, high lipid content in cell walls, ex: m. tuberculosis and m. leprae
mycobacteria
aerobic, soil habitat, produce aerial hyphae and spores, non pathogenic, ex: antibiotics (streptomyocin, cycloheixmide, tetracycline)
streptomycetes and allies
produce pigments called PHYCOBILINS, cell walls of cellulose, found in fresh water and marine habitats, can be microscopic unicellular or multicellur and macroscopic
algae
all are unicellular, found in fresh water, marine habitats, and moist soil, LACK cell walls, move by primary cilia, cannot see with naked eye, digest food in vacoules, most reproduce Asexually, NO photopigments
protozoa
micro and macroscopic, NO photopigments, cell walls made of chitin and hyphae (can be w/ or w/o cross walls)
fungi
mass of hyphae
mycelium
move by pseudopida, fee living and parasitic amoebas, survive by forming cysts, ex: entamoeba histolytica
sarcodina (pseudopods)
one or more flagella, cause human infection, intestinal flagellets, have sucking disks, ex: giardia lamblia, trichomonas faginalis, african sleeping disease
mastigophora (flagellates)
move by cilia that surround plama membrane, cilia help procure food by creating waves, ex: paramecia, blantidium coli
ciliates (ciliata)
ALL cause infectgious disease, NON motile when mature, ex: plasmodium
sporozoans (sporozoa)
produce sporangiospores, soild residents, found in modlded bread, NON septate hyphae, ex: bread mold
water molds (zygomycota)
yeasts and some molds, septate hyphae, ex: sac fungi
ascomycota
reproduce asexually, rusts, smutg, common mushrooms
club fungi (basidiomycota)
domorphic, reporoduce asexually, lost ability to produce sexual spores, ex: penicilllian
imperfect fungi (deutoeroomycota)