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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Brain cysts, seizures
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Taenia solium
("Neurocysticercosis"--usually 7-10 slow-growing cysts. When they die they trigger inflammation which exacerbates symptoms) |
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Liver cysts
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Echinococcus granulosus
Eggs in dog feces--when ingested, forms larvae that penetrate intestine and form round fluid-filled "hydatid" cysts (divide and grow up to 5-10 cm). Cause anaphylaxis if cyst contents spill out. |
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B12 deficiency
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Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)
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Biliary tract disease
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Clonorchis sinensis (?)
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Hemoptysis
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Paragonimus westermani (?)
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Portal hypertension
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Schistosoma mansoni
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Hematuria, bladder cancer
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Schistosoma haematobium
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Microcytic anemia
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Ancylostoma; Necator
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Perianal pruritus
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Enterobius
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Which helminth?--
Undercooked pork; Mass lesions in the brain. |
Taenia solium - "cysticercosis"
- Tapeworm - Praziquantel/niclosamide; Albendazole for cysticercosis |
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Which helminth?--
Dog feces; liver cysts and anaphylaxis |
Echinococcus granulosus
- Tapeworm - Albendazole |
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Which helminth?--
Snails; granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver |
Schistosoma
- Trematodes (Blood Flukes) - Adults (mom and dad) live in venous system. Eggs enter circulation and deposit in venous walls (e.g. of the portal system), causing formation of granulomas -> portal HTN. - Praziquantel |
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Which helminth?--
Larvae penetrate skin of feet; Iron-deficiency anemia |
Necator & Ancylostoma (hookworm)
- Nematode - Adult worm "hooks" onto intestinal wall with its mouth and causes bleeding - Mebendazole |
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Which helminth?--
Eggs are ingested; Intestinal infection can cause abdominal cramping, malnutrition; Dry cough and fever possibly. |
Ascaris lumbricoides
- Malnutrition from competition for nutrition. - Dry cough and fever while larvae are in the lungs. - Can also cause intestinal obstruction ("Wormy people") - Rx: Mebendazole |
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Which helminth?--
Intestinal infection: Larvae penetrate skin of feet; Larvae, but not eggs, are excreted in feces. |
Strongyloides
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Which helminth?--
Can cause life-threatening autoinfection in immunosuppressed pts. |
Strongyloides
- Eggs hatch inside intestines, and larvae invade intestinal wall to repeat life cycle. Patients put on prednisone can have massive invasion of lungs and other organs -> pneumonia, ARDS, multi-organ failure. -Mebendazole |
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Which helminth?--
Intestinal infection; Eggs are ingested; Does not invade intestinal wall. |
Enterobeus (pinworm)
- "Scotch tape test" - Only comes out at night... to lay eggs. |
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Which helminth?--
Inflammation of muscle (muscle aches) and fever due to intramuscular cysts; periorbital edema. |
Trichinella spiralis
- Undercooked pork. - Infection occurs from ingesting encysted larvae that mature into Mom and Dad. Mom invades intestinal mucosa and released eggs become encysted in skeletal muscle. - Diagnosis: muscle biopsy and/or serologic tests. - Rx: Mebendazole/Thiobendazole have little effect on muscle larvae but may be helpful. |
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Which helminth?--
In drinking water (What's the host?); Skin inflammation and ulceration (Why?). |
Dracunculus (Guinnea worm)
- Live as larval form in tiny crustacean hosts (which we drink in dirty water). - Adult migrates to skin and causes ulceration so it can stick out its uterus and release eggs into water. |
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Which helminth?--
Transmitted by deer fly; causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva) |
Loa loa
Rx: Diethylcarbamazine |
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Which helminth?--
Transmitted by black fly; causes River Blindness |
Onchocerca volvulus
- Larvae transmitted by black fly; larvae develop into Mom and Dad (which coil up in fibrous nodules in skin) and produce *microfilariae* - Microfilariae migrate through dermis and connective tissue. - Blindness occurs if they migrate to the eye. - Intraepithelial granulomas form in areas of migration--thickened skin is dry and scaly ("Lizard skin") |
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Which helminth?--
Visceral larva migrans |
Toxocara canis (Dog roundworm)
- Ingestion of food contaminated with dog feces. - Can cause blindness if in retina (chorioretinitis) |
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Which helminth?--
Granulomas in retina leading to blindness |
Toxocara canis (Dog roundworm)
- Ingestion of food contaminated with dog feces. - Also causes Visceral larva migrans |
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Which helminth?--
Transmitted by mosquito; causes Elephantiasis |
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Adults live in lymphatics of genitals and lower extremities. With repeated exposures, fibrosis around accumulated dead microfilariae clogs lymphatics and causes edema (swelling) of the legs and genitals, which become covered with thick, scaly skin. - Rx: Diethylcarbamazine (an elephant between 2 Ethyls in a car--"Di-Ethyl-car") |
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Which helminth?--
Undercooked fish; causes inflammation of the biliary tract. |
Clonorchis sinensis
(Trematode/Fluke) - Rx: Praziquantel |
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Which helminth?--
Undercooked crab meat; causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung. |
Paragonimus westermani
(Trematode/Fluke) - Rx: Praziquantel |
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Tell me about--
Taenia Solium |
(Tapeworm)
1. Pigs ingest EGGS. Eggs become larvae; larvae migrate into tissue and muscle and become CYSTICERCUS (fluid-filled bladder with larval form inside). --*Humans* ingest cysticercus, which becomes adult tapeworm in intestines. 2. Humans ingest EGGS. Eggs become larvae; larvae migrate throughout body and form CYSTICERCI--most commonly in muscle and brain. Neurocysticercosis: 7-10 cysts in the brain; cause seizures, obstructive hydrocephalus, or focal neruologic deficits. Dead cysts trigger inflammation and worsening of symptoms. |
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Tell me about--
Echinococcus granulosus |
(Tapeworm)
- Eggs in dog feces - Larvae form "hydatid" cysts in liver. - Anaphylaxis if material within cyst spills out. |
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Tell me about--
Schistosoma mansoni; Schistosoma haematobium |
(Fluke)
- Larvae mature within SNAILS; mature larvae ("cercariae") penetrate human skin. - Mom and Dad live in veins of intestine (mansoni) or bladder (haematobium). - Released eggs deposit in venous walls and cause *granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation of the spleen and liver*. |
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Tell me about--
Clonorchis sinensis 1. Source 2. Clinical manifestation 3. Rx |
(Fluke)
Undercooked fish; causes inflammation of the biliary tract. - Rx: Praziquantel |
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Tell me about--
Paragonimus westermani 1. Source 2. Clinical manifestation 3. Rx |
(Fluke)
Undercooked crab meat; causes inflammation and secondary bacterial infection of the lung (e.g. hematuria). - Rx: Praziquantel |
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Tell me about--
Ancylostomas & Necator 1. Route of infection 2. Life cycle 3. Rx |
(Nematodes/Roundworms)
aka Hookworm - Larvae penetrate skin of feet - Travels into lungs and trachea; coughed up and swallowed into intestines. - Feces contains EGGS. - Hooks onto intestinal wall with mouth--causes IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA Rx: Mebendazole |
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Tell me about--
Ascaris lumbracoides 1. Route of infection 2. Life cycle 3. Rx |
(Nematode/Roundworm)
- Ingested as eggs - Invades intestinal wall; travel into lungs and trachea; coughed up and swallowed back into intestines. - Feces contains EGGS. - Can cause malnutrition, intestinal obstruction, and pulmonary symptoms when worm is in lungs. Rx: Mebendazole |
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Tell me about--
Enterobius vermicularis 1. Route of infection 2. Life cycle 3. Rx |
(Nematode/Roundworm)
aka Pinworm - Ingested as eggs (from anus -> hand -> food) - Does not invade; Becomes adult in intestines. - Adult worm migrates to anus at NIGHT to lay eggs. Causes ANAL PRURITUS. Rx: Mebendazole |
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Tell me about--
Strongyloides stercoralis 1. Route of infection 2. Life cycle 3. Rx |
(Nematode/Roundworm)
- Larvae in soil penetrate skin of foot - Travels into lungs and trachea; coughed up and swallowed into intestines. - Eggs mature into larvae WITHIN THE INTESTINES and can undergo (a) Autoinfection, (b) Direct cycle (larvae passed in feces; larvae invade skin again), or (c) Indirect cycle (larvae passed in feces, become boy & girl and mate, produce eggs that hatch in soil and mature into larvae, invade skin again). - Feces contains LARVAE, not eggs. Rx: Ivermectin, thiabendazole |
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Tell me about--
Trichinella spiralis |
(Nematode/Roundworm)
- Ingestion of undercooked pork containing encysted larvae. - Female adults penetrate into intestinal mucosa and release eggs. Eggs become larvae. Larvae travel to muscles and become encysted. - CAUSES: inflammation of muscle, periorbital edema. Rx: Thiabendazole |
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Tell me about--
Dracunculis medinensis 1. How is it transmitted? 2. Causes... 3. Rx |
(Nematode--Microfilariae)
a.k.a. Guinne worm - In drinking water (larval hosts are tiny crustaceans); causes skin inflammation and ulceration. Rx: Niridazole (or a stick to wind the worm around) |
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Tell me about--
Loa loa 1. How is it transmitted? 2. Causes... 3. Rx |
(Nematode--Microfilariae)
- Transmitted by DEER FLY - Causes swelling in skin (can see worm crawling in conjunctiva) Rx: Diethylcarbamazine |
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Tell me about--
Onchocerca volvulus 1. How is it transmitted? 2. Causes... 3. Rx |
(Nematode--Microfilariae)
- Transmitted by BLACK FLY - Causes River Blindness; Skin nodules (containing adult worms); Pruritic rash with darkened pigmentation, Lizard skin (Allergic reaction to migrating microfiliarae) Rx: Ivermectin |
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Tell me about--
Toxocara canis 1. How is it transmitted? 2. Causes... 3. Rx |
(Nematode--Microfilariae)
- Food contaminated with eggs of dog roundworm - Causes granulomas (blindness if in retina--chorioretinitis); Visceral larva migrans Rx: Diethylcarbamazine |
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Tell me about--
Wuchereria bancofti 1. How is it transmitted? 2. Causes... 3. Rx |
(Nematode--Microfilariae)
- Transmitted by mosquito - Causes blockage of lymphatic vessels (ELEPHENTIASIS) Rx: Diethylcarbamazine |
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Diphyllobothrium Lata
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(Fish Tapeworm)
- causes B12 DEFICIENCY |
