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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What gives rigid support,protects against osmotic pressure
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Peptidoglycan
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What is peptidoglycan's chemical composition?
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Sugar backbone with cross-linked peptide chains
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What is the major surface antigen for gram positive cells?
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Cell wall/cell membrane
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What is on the cell wall/cell membrane for a gram positive cell?
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peptidoglycan for support. Teichoic acid induces TNF and IL-1.
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What is the function of the outer membrane for gram negative cells?
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Site of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide); major surface antigen
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What is the chemical composition of lipopolysaccharide?
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Lipid A induces TNF and IL-1; polysaccharide is the antigen
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
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site of oxidative and transport enzymes
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50S and 30S subunits is the chemical composition of what structure in a cell?
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ribosome
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what is the chemical composition of the plasma membrane?
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lipoprotein bilayer
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What is the space between the cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane in gram negative bacteria?
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periplasm (only in gram negative bacteria)
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What is the function of the ribosomes?
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protein synthesis
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What makes up the periplasm?
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hydrolytic enzymes, including B-lactamases
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What protects against phagocytosis?
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capsule
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What is the chemical composition of the capsule?
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Polysaccharid (except bacillus anthracis which contains D-glutamate
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What is the function of the Pilus/fimbria?
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mediate adherence of bacteria to cell surface; sex pilus forms attachment between 2 bacteria during conjugation
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What composes the pilus/fimbria?
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glycoprotein
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What provides motility for the cell?
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flagella
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What is the flagella composed of?
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protein
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What part of the cell is highly resistant to dehydration, heat, and chemical?
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Spore
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Keratin-like coat; dipicolinic acid composes what cell structure?
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Spore
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What is the chemical composition of a plasmid?
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DNA
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What is the function of a plasmid?
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contains a variety of genes for antibiotic resistance, enzymes, and toxins
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What mediates adherence to surfaces, especially foreign surfaces (eg. indwelling catheters)?
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glycocalyx (slime layer)
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What is the chemical composition of the glycocalyx?
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polysaccharide
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What part of the cell wall is unique to gram negative bacteria?
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1. endotoxin/LPS (outer membrane)
2. Periplasmic space - location of many b-lactamases 3. has THIN peptidoglycan layer |
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What part of the cell wall is unique to gram positive bacteria?
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1. teichoic acid
2. THICK peptidoglycan layer (cell wall) |
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What are the gram positive coccus?
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1. Staphylococcus
2. Streptococcus |
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What are the gram negative coccus?
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1. Neisseria
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What are the gram positive rods?
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1. Clostridium
2. Corynebacterium 3. Bacillus 4. Listeria 5. Mycobacterium (acid fast) |
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What are the gram negative Rods?
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Enterics:
YESS B PPESK Yersinia E.coli Shigella Salmonella Bacteroides Pseudomonas Enterobacter Serratia Klebsiella Curved rods: Vibrio, campylobacter, helicobacter The curved rods and ones above - are all enterics Coccobacilli - haemophilus, bordetella, brucella, pasteurella Others: FB GLY Fancisella Bartonella Gardenerella Legionella (silver stain) Yersinia |
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What are the gram positive branching filamentous bacteria?
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Actinomyces (resembles fungus) and Nocardia (weekly acid fast)
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What are the gram negative pleomorphic bacteria?
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Rickettsiae and chlamydiae
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What are the spiral gram negative bacteria?
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Spirochetes: leptospira, borrelia, treponema
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What are the bacteria that do not have a cell wall?
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mycoplasm
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What bugs do not stain well with gram stain?
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These rascals may microscopically lack color
Treponema (to thin to be visualized) Rickettsia (intracellular parasite) Mycoplasm (no cell wall!) Mycobacterium (high-lipid-content cell wall requires acid-fast stain) Legionella pneumophilia (primarily intracellular - needs silver stain) Chlamydia (intracellular parasite; lacks muramic acid in cell wall) |
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What bacteria can be visualized using darkfeild microscopy and fluorescent antibody stainging?
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Treponemes
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What poorly staining bacteria lacks muramic acid in it's cell wall?
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Chlamydia
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What bacteria stains on Giemsa stain?
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BC PT
Borrelia Chlamydia Plasmodium Trypanosomes |
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What bacteria stain PAS positive?
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"PASs the sugar"
It stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides - used to diagnose Whipple's disease (Tropheryma whippelii) |
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What stain is used to see acid fast bacteria?
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Ziehl-Neelsen - (A and Z)
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What bacteria is seen on india ink stain?
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cryptococcus neoformans (mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red)
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What bacteria is seen on silver stain?
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Legionella and fungi (pneumocystis)
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What bacteria can be see using mucicarmine?
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Cryptococcus neoformans
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What are the culture requirements needed to grow H. influenzae?
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Chocolate agar with factors V (NAD+) and X (hematin)
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What culture medium is needed to grow N.gonorrhoeae?
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"To connect to neisseria please use your VPN client"
Thayer-martin (or VPN) media - Vancomycin (inhibits gram + organisms), Polymyxin (inhibits gram - organisms), and nystatin (inhibits fungi) |
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What organism is grown on bordet-gengou (potato) agar?
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"Bordet for Bordetella"
B.petussis |
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What media is needed to grow C. diphtheriae?
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Tellurite plate, loffler's media
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What bacteria grows on Lowenstein-Jensen agar?
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M. tuberculosis
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What bacteria grows on eaton's agar?
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M. pneumoniae
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What media is used to grow Legionella?
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Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine (Fe)
*use silver stain to stain it |
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What media do you use to grow fungi?
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Sabouraud's agar?
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What media do you use to grow Lactose-fermenting enterics?
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MacConkey's agar (will see pink colonies) - fermenting produces acid, turning plate pink)
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What media is E.Coli also grown on? (hint: one of them is MacConkey's agar - it will stain pink)
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Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar as blue-black colonies with metallic sheen
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What bacteria has a metallic sheen... and on what media is this seen?
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E.Coli... seen on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar
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What bacteria are obligate aerobes (use an O2 dependent system to generate ATP)?
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"Nagging Pests Must Breathe"
Nocardia Pseudamonas aeruginosa Myobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus |
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Where is pseudomonas aeruginosa seen?
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burn wounds, nosocomial pneumonia, and pneumonia in cystic fibrosis patients
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What bacteria loves the apices of the lungs?
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M. tuberculosis - b/c it has the highest PO2
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What bacteria can become reactivated after TNF-a use or immune compromise?
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M. tuberculosis
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What bacteria are obligate anaerobes and where are they commonly found?
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"Can't Breathe Air"
Clostridium Bacteroides Actinomyces *commonly found in the GI tract |
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What bacteria lack catalse and/or superoxide dismutatse and are thus susceptible to oxidative damage?
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Obligate anaerobes
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What are generally foul smelling bacteria (short chain fatty acids)?
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obligate anaerobes - produce H2 and CO2
*are DIFFICULT to culture! |
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Obligate anaerobes outside the GI tract are what?
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pathologic!
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What antibiotics are ineffective against anaerobes?
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Aminoglycosides (GNATS: Gentamicin, Neomycin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Streptomycin) - because these antibiotics require O2 to enter into the bacterial cell
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What obligate intracellular bacteria?
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"stay inside cells when it is Really Cold"
Rickettsia and Chlamydia - they cannot make their own ATP |
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What are the facultative intracellular bacteria?
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"Some Nasty Bugs May Live FacultativeLy"
Salmonella Neisseria Brucella Mycobacterium Listeria Francisella, Legionella |
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If there is a positive quelling reaction what type of bug is present?
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"Quellung = capsular Swellung
An encapsulated one - capsule swells when specific anticapsular antisera are added |
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What bacteria have a capsule?
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"Klebsiella SSHiN:
Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and Neisseria meningitidis |
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What can the capsule function as for encapsulated bacteria?
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antiphagocytic virulence factor
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Which bacteria can produce IgA protease, cause meningitis, and take up DNA from the environment (transformation)?
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All encapsulated bacteria except Klebsiella
SHiN - Streptococcus pnerumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type B, and Neisseria meningitidis |
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In encapsulated bacteria what can the capsule be used for?
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The antigen in vaccines (Pneumovax, H. influenxae type B, meningococcal vaccines).
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Conjugation of polysaccharide (capsule) with protein does what?
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Increases T cell response and immunity to the encapsulated virus vaccines
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What bugs are urease positive?
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"Particular Kinds Have Urease"
Proteus Klebsiella H.pylori (do urease breath test to test) Ureaplasma |
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What bacteria produces yellow "sulfur" granules?
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"Israel has yellow sand"
Actinomyces israelii |
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What bacteria produces a yellow pigment?
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(aureus in latin means gold)
S. aureus |
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What bacteria produces a blue-green pigment?
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(aerugula is green)
Pseudomonas aeruginosma |
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What color pigment does Serratia marcescens produce?
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(think red maraschino cherries)
A red pigment |
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What do bacteria's virulence factors do?
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Promote escape of host immune system
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What is Protein A's virulence factor? What bacteria has protein A?
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It binds to the Fc region of Ig. Prevents opsonization and phagocytosis - from S. aureus
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What is the virulence factor for IgA protease? What bacteria has IgA protease?
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used to colonize respiratory mucosa
Secreted by S. pneumoniae, H.influenzae type B, and Neisseria (SHiN) |
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What ist he virulence factor for M protein? What bacteria secretes M protein?
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Helps prevent phagocytosis - secreted by group A streptococcus
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What the the source of exotoxin?
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certain species of gram + and gram - bacteria
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What is the source of endotoxin?
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From most gram - bacteria and Listeria
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Is exotoxin or endotoxin secreted from a cel?
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Exotoxin
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What is the chemistry of exotoxin?
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Polypeptide
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What is the chemistry of endotoxin?
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Lipopolysaccharide (structural part of bacteria; released when lysed)
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Where is the location of genes of exotoxin?
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Plasmid or bacteriophage
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Where is the location of genes of endotoxin?
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bacterial chromosome
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How toxic is exotoxin?
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Highly (fatal dose on the order of 1 ug)
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How toxic is endotoxin?
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Low (fatal dose on the order of hundreds of micrograms)
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What are the clinical effects of endotoxin?
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Fever, shock
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What is the mode of action of exotoxin?
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IFN-y and IL-2
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What is the antigenicity of exotoxin?
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Induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins
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what is the antigenicity of endotoxin?
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Poorly antigenic
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What toxoids are used in vaccines (endotoxin or exotoxin)?
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exotoxin
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What is the heat stability of exotoxin?
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destroyed rapidly at 60 degrees celcius (except staphylococcal enterotoxin)
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What is the heat stability of endotoxin?
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Stable at 100 degrees celcius for 1 hour
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What are typical diseases caused by exotoxins?
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Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria
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What are typical disease cause by endotoxins?
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meningococcemia, sepsis by gram negative rods
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