Microbiology Msii Temple Eisenstein

Front 1

How do we prove causality of an infectious disease?

Back 1

Koch's Postulate

1. To prove an organism causes a disease:

a. Organism must be present in diseased tissue.

b. Isolate the organism in pure culture from a sick host.

c. Inject a naive host (or experimental animal) and induce the disease.

d. Reisolate the organism in pure culture from the second host.

2. Corollary: A rise in serum antibodies or positive skin test responses to the infectious agent are traces left in the immune system of infection.

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Legionnaires' Disease

Back 2

Caused by Legionella Pneumophilia

Clinical Manifestations
Incubation period: 2-10 days

Day 1 malaise, myalgia, headache

Day 2 fever (97%), chills (74%), rigors (74%), nonproductive cough (86%), rales (80%), chest x ray positive with unilateral or bilateral patchy infiltrate, lobar pneumonia

Days 3-5 death or recovery. 16% fatality rate (29/182).

Epidemiology-
No person to person transmission.


Proof of a bacterial etiology:

Organisms cultured on agar and isolated.

Organisms from agar injected into guinea pigs cause disease.

Organisms could be reisolated from sick or dead guinea pigs.

Antiserum raised in rabbits to organism reacts with infected tissue.

62/136 seroconvert = 4 fold rise in antibody titer by the indirect fluorescent* antibody test. 39 patients had single titers > 1:128.


Mode of Transmission:

Aerosols from: showers, decorative fountains, humidifiers, respiratory therapy equipment, whirlpool spas, showers in automotive manufacturing plant, potting soil.

Legionella live in water in nature and parasitize amoebae where they divide intracellularly leading to high concentrations of organisms


Prevention:

Cooling towers - chlorinate

Point of use water supplies heat-water to >70oC (158oF)

Also note that previous exposures can confer resistance and that about 80% of pt's that get it are imunocompromised sopradic cases (20% in outbreaks).


Mechanism of disease:

Invades macrophages by coiling phagocytosis and undergoes intracellular replication in ribosome studded vacuoles

Secretion of extracellular enzymes, including a metalloprotease, a phosphatase, a lipase and DNase and RNase


Classification:

Of the Legionella species, L. Pneumophilia causes the most diseas, and of the 10 serogroups, #1 is responsible 90% of the time.

Serogroups 1 and 6 can also cause nonfatal Pontiac Fever, as well as other legionella species (no pneumonia, ony recognized in outbreaks)


Dx:

Isolation on BCYE (buffered charcoal yeast extract) agar

Legionella antigens in urine

Visualization in smears by direct fluorescent antibody (DF: Add a fluorescein labeled antibody that is raised in rabbits or goats by injecting killed Legionella, so it is know to react with Legionella. This antiserum is a reagent to detect the bugs).

4. Greater than a 4X rise in serum antibody titer between acute and convalescent serum as determined by indirect fluorescence.

Front 3

T/F Finding Legionella pneumophila in lungs of patients who died proves it caused the disease.

Back 3

False. Association does not prove causation. You need to rule out presence of the organism in normal people. Also it could be a secondary invader to an unknown primary causative agent.

Front 4

T/F Presence of antibodies to an organism proves that it caused the infection from which patient is recovering.

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False. Antibodies could have arisen from a previous encounter with this organism and persisted. Antibodies may be the result of a previous vaccination for organisms for which there are vaccines (not Legionella). A fourfold rise in antibodies between acute and convalescent sera is needed as evidence of causality.

Front 5

Pathogenicity

Back 5

ability of an infectious agent to cause disease

Front 6

Virulence

Back 6

relative degree of pathogenicity.

Virulence is defined as disease-causing potential relative to a specific, normal host. An immunocompromised host may be hypersusceptible.

Virulence is measured in animal models by the LD50 = lethal dose needed to kill 50% of the animals. ID50 for viruses can be determined in vitro by the dose needed to infect and destroy 50% of a tissue culture cell monolayer.

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Opportunistic Pathogens

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normally nonpathogenic or weakly pathogenic but can cause disease in immunocompromised hosts.

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Attenuated Organisms

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ones with reduced virulence, frequently developed as vaccine strains.

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Types of Infections

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Extracellular - pyogenic or suppurative (pus producing) including Staphylococci, Streptococci, Pneumococci, Hemophilus influenzae, Neisseria, Clostridium tetani, Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Bordetella pertussis


Intracellular:

nonviral pathogens of macrophages include Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae, Listeria monocytogenes, Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp., Brucella abortus, Legionella pneumophila, Histoplasma capsulatum,

Pathogens of any tissue cell - All of the viruses, Prions, Other organisms like rickettsia whivh grow on endothelil cells

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Extracellular Vs. Intracellular pathogens

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Extracellular - Acute inflamatory response, presence of PMN's (pus), rapid progression, pathogenesis caused prominently by exotoxins, but also by capsules. The effective immunity is antibody mediated.


INtracellular - Chronic inflamatory response with the presence of macrophages and T Cells (mononulear), slow progression, pathogenesis. The effective immunity is cell mediated.

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Innate Host Defenses

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a. Epithelial barriers: skin, mucosal linings

b. Mucous - gastrointestinal tract, gut, respiratory tract

c. Ciliary epithelium - respiratory tract

d. Low pH of the stomach (gastric acidity)

e. Phagocytic cells (professional phagocytes) - PMNs and macrophages (PMNs are polymorphonuclear leukocytes)
f. Mononuclear Phagocyte System (MPS) = old RES (Reticulo-Endothe¬lial System) visualized by carbon clearance

g. Natural Killer Cells – lymphocyte subset
1) Direct lysis of virally infected cells and neoplastic cells
2) Produce interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in response to IL-12, which activates macrophages

h. Alternate and mannose binding pathways of complement
1) Generate C3a and C5a to amplify an inflammatory response, and deposit C3b on pathogens to enhance phagocytosis.

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Adaptive Host Defenses

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a. Specific serum antibody- Activity amplified by classical pathway of complement

b. Secretory IgA at mucosal surfaces

c. Cytotoxic T cells

d. Th1 cells- IFN-γ leads to macrophage activation/cellular immunity

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Virulence Factors

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Toxins:
Exotoxins are generally excreted proteins
Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of gran negatice organisns, composed of LPS.

Penetration and spreading factors

Adherence Factors

Numbers

parasitization and killing effector cells of host immune system

Microbe initiated immunopathogenicity

Hiding

Protective coating

antigenic variation

deoys

cleave/bind host antibodies

masquerade as host antigen

Front 14

Botulism

Back 14

Clostridium botulinum

Botulotoxin is anticholinergic. Prevents release of acetylcholine at the myoneural junction, re¬sulting in flaccid paralysis.

Front 15

Tetanus

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Clostridium tetani

Tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory synapses by centrally inhibiting release of neurotransmitters, resulting in spastic paralysis.

Front 16

Gas Gangrene

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Clostridium perfringens

α-Toxin is a phospholipase C or lecithinase, which is cytolytic, necrotizing, and hemolytic. Tissue destruction.

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Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

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Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcal enterotoxins stimulate brain or peripheral nerves to produce vomiting (?)

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Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

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Staphylococcus aureus

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 causes fever and shock.

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Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

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Staphylococcus aureus

Exfoliative toxin causes loss of outer layer of epidermis

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Scarlet Fever

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Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

Strains which secrete erythrogenic toxin possibly via cytotoxin to blood vessels. Phage coded.

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Diptheria

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Corynebacterium Diptheriae

Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis by ADP ribosylating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis. Damage to internal organs results. Toxin is phage coded.

Front 22

Pseudomonas opportunistic infections

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Exotoxin A - mode of action similar to diphtheria

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Whooping Cough

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Bordetella pertussis

One strain produces three toxins: Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates a GTP binding protein. Adenyl cyclase toxin - effects PMN function. Tracheal cytotoxin - toxic to ciliated tracheal epithelium. May be peptidoglycan.

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Cholera/E-Coli caused travelers diarrhea

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Vibrio cholerae/ E. Coli

Cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin alter water and electrolyte balance in intestine by ADP ribosylating a GTP-binding protein which elevates adenyl cyclase with accumulation of cAMP in epithelial cells in gut. This causes the pumping out of elecrtolyes and water osmoses out in response.

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penetration and spreading factors

Back 25

Hyaluronidases from Streptococci, Group A- Lysis of tissue group substance

Coagulase from Staphylococcus aureus- Clots fibrin

Kinases from Staphylococci/Streptococci-Lysis of fibrin

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Virulence Factors

Back 26

Toxins:
Exotoxins are generally excreted proteins
Endotoxins are part of the outer membrane of gran negatice organisns, composed of LPS.

Penetration and spreading factors

Adherence Factors

Numbers

parasitization and killing effector cells of host immune system

Microbe initiated immunopathogenicity

Hiding

Protective coating

antigenic variation

deoys

cleave/bind host antibodies

masquerade as host antigen

Front 27

Botulism

Back 27

Clostridium botulinum

Botulotoxin is anticholinergic. Prevents release of acetylcholine at the myoneural junction, re¬sulting in flaccid paralysis.

Front 28

Tetanus

Back 28

Clostridium tetani

Tetanus toxin blocks inhibitory synapses by centrally inhibiting release of neurotransmitters, resulting in spastic paralysis.

Front 29

Gas Gangrene

Back 29

Clostridium perfringens

α-Toxin is a phospholipase C or lecithinase, which is cytolytic, necrotizing, and hemolytic. Tissue destruction.

Front 30

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

Back 30

Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcal enterotoxins stimulate brain or peripheral nerves to produce vomiting (?)

Front 31

Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome

Back 31

Staphylococcus aureus

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 causes fever and shock.

Front 32

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

Back 32

Staphylococcus aureus

Exfoliative toxin causes loss of outer layer of epidermis

Front 33

Scarlet Fever

Back 33

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)

Strains which secrete erythrogenic toxin possibly via cytotoxin to blood vessels. Phage coded.

Front 34

Diptheria

Back 34

Corynebacterium Diptheriae

Diphtheria toxin inhibits protein synthesis by ADP ribosylating elongation factor 2 and inhibiting protein synthesis. Damage to internal organs results. Toxin is phage coded.

Front 35

Pseudomonas opportunistic infections

Back 35

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Exotoxin A - mode of action similar to diphtheria

Front 36

Whooping Cough

Back 36

Bordetella pertussis

One strain produces three toxins: Pertussis toxin ADP ribosylates a GTP binding protein. Adenyl cyclase toxin - effects PMN function. Tracheal cytotoxin - toxic to ciliated tracheal epithelium. May be peptidoglycan.

Front 37

Cholera/E-Coli caused travelers diarrhea

Back 37

Vibrio cholerae/ E. Coli

Cholera toxin and E. coli heat-labile toxin alter water and electrolyte balance in intestine by ADP ribosylating a GTP-binding protein which elevates adenyl cyclase with accumulation of cAMP in epithelial cells in gut. This causes the pumping out of elecrtolyes and water osmoses out in response.

Front 38

penetration and spreading factors

Back 38

Hyaluronidases from Streptococci, Group A- Lysis of tissue group substance

Coagulase from Staphylococcus aureus- Clots fibrin

Kinases from Staphylococci/Streptococci-Lysis of fibrin

Front 39

Endotoxin Vs. Exotoxin

Back 39

Exotoxin Vs. Endotoxin

Front 40

Virulence Factor: Nutrient Aquisition

Back 40

Siderophores to chelate Iron

Front 41

Virulence Factor: Adherence Factors

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1)Pilus antigens

E. coli and diarrheal disease: CFA = colonization factors for adher¬ence. Bind to intestinal epithelium.

E. coli and pyelonephritis: P pili bind to urinary epithelium


2) Bordetella pertussis - filamentous hemagglutinin mediates attach¬ment to tracheal epithelial cells.


3) Streptococcus pyogenes, Group A - lipoteichoic acid binds to fibronectin.

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Virulence Factor: Parasitize or Kill effector cells

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Intracellular pathogens of macrophages


2) HIV - infects T cells

3) Leukocidins of streptococci and staphylococci kill PMNs.

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Virulece factor: Microbe initiated Immunopathogenicity

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1) Cavitation induced by M. tuberculosis caused by a delayed-type hypersensitivity response.

2) Glomerulonephritis - poststreptococcal immune complex disease

3)Rheumatic fever - poststreptococcal immunopathology causing heart damage

4) Chlamydia and atherosclerosis

5)Guillain-Barré and Campylobacter

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Virulence factors: Hiding

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1) Viral latency
e.g., Herpes simplex, herpes zoster (shingles), Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis), HIV

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Virulence Factors: Protective Coat

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1) Capsules and surface molecules which prevent phagocytosis

a)Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) - 83 capsular types - all different polysaccharides

b) Hemophilus influenzae, type b, 1 capsular type most frequently associated with meningitis

c) Group A streptococci - M proteins


2) Anticomplementary surface Capsules and long chain length lipopolysaccharide of smooth gram-negative enteric pathogens

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Virulence Factor: antigenic variation

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e.g., gonococci, trypanosomes, borrelia (relapsing fever), influenza virus

Front 47

Virulene Factor: Decoys

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Extracellular capsular polysaccharide is shed and absorbs antibody.

Front 48

Virulence Factor: Host Antibody Clevage/Binding/Impersonization of antigen

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1. Clevage- IgA proteases of Hemophilus influenzae, gonococci, and meningococci

2. Bind host antibodies- Staphylococcal protein A binds IgG by the Fc end.

3.Masquerade as a host antigen- The capsule of Neisseria meningitidis Group B is sialic acid identical to that in human neuronal tissue.

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How can you decide which virulence factor is most crucial for the survival of the organism?

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A. Dr. Stanley Falkow proposed that we apply Koch’s molecular postulates.

1. The genetic phenotype (i.e. presence of gene for the factor) should be associated with pathogenic isolates.

2. Inactivation of the gene (for example, a toxin) should result in loss of virulence

3. Test the organism to see if it loses virulence (Do an LD50)

3. Replacement of the gene(s) should restore virulence

4. Test to see if virulence is restored.


Example: Listeria Monocytogenes

1. By transposon mutagenesis, inactivate the hemolysin (The hemolysis lyses the membrane of the phagosome of the macrophage so the organism can escape into the cytoplasm where it replicates).

2. Organism loses virulence and does not multiply intracellularly

3. Restore the hemolysin gene and virulence and ability to replicate are restored.

Front 50

1. Can a gram-negative organism have an endotoxin and an exotoxin?

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Yes. Vibrio cholerae is gram-negative and has lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its outer membrane. It secretes cholera toxin extracellularly.

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2. Can capsules be present on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?

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Yes. Pneumococcus is gram-positive. Hemophilus and Neisseria are gram-negative.

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3. Can bacteria have more than one virulence factor?

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Yes and frequently do. In fact, there are regulatory genes which may turn on clusters of virulence factors; for example, a toxin and an adherence factor.

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Staphylococcus Aureus

Back 53

1. Gram reaction/Morphology- Gram + cocci aerobe, in grape clusters or alone

2. Synonym, if any-

3. Description of Disease- TSST-1, SSS,

4. Pathogenesis- Protein A (antiphagocytic), Capsule, coag+, Alpha toxin (dermonecrotic, hemolytic, plateletolytic), Exfoliatin, enterotoxin, pyrogenic exotoxin (TSST-1), hyaluronidase, staphylokinase(fibrinolysin)

5. Transmission/Vector-

6. Therapy-

7. Prevention-

8. Lab Identification- produces golden yellow pigment, B-hemolytic, Catalase +, phage typing possible, coag+, mannitol +, haltolerant

9. Other remarks- penicillinase

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Staphylococcus epidermidits

Back 54

1. Gram reaction/Morphology-
Gram + cocci aerobe, in grape clusters or alone

2. Synonym, if any-

3. Description of Disease-

4. Pathogenesis- opportunistic,

5. Transmission/Vector-

6. Therapy-

7. Prevention-

8. Lab Identification- white colonies, G-Hemolytic, Catalase +

9. Other remarks-

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Staphylococcus Saprophyticus

Back 55

1. Gram reaction/Morphology- Gram + cocci aerobe, in grape clusters or alone


2. Synonym, if any-

3. Description of Disease- UTI

4. Pathogenesis-

5. Transmission/Vector-

6. Therapy-

7. Prevention-

8. Lab Identification- Catalase +

9. Other remarks-

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