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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who developed the modern practice of vaccination when he inoculated people with the cowpox virus to protect them against smallpox (1798)
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Edward Jenner
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Does a vaccine contain an antigen or an antibody?
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Antigen
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How long do attenuated (mutated, weakened) whole-agent vaccines provide immunity?
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Life long
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What are some examples of attenuated whole-agent vaccines?
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Sabin polio, MMR, tuberculosis, and oral typhoid
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What type of bacteria or viruses do inactivated whole-agent vaccines contain?
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Killed bacteria or viruses
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What are some examples of inactivated whole-agent vaccines?
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Salk polio, rabies, influenza, pneumococcal pneumonia, and cholera
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What are toxoids?
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Inactivated toxins
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What are some examples of toxoid vaccinations?
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tetanus and diphtheria
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What are subunit vaccinations?
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They consist of antigenic fragments of a microorganism
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Give examples of subunit vaccines.
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Rcombinant vaccines: Hepatitis B
Acellular vaccines: pertussis or whooping cough |
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What are conjugated vaccines?
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The desired antigen is combined with a protein that boosts the immune response
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Who are conjugated vaccines used for? Give an example of a conjugated vaccine.
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15 years old and younger; Haemophilus influenza type b
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What are nucleic acid vaccines?
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"Naked" DNA or RNA (transcription and/or translation of antigen); Experimental
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What are edible vaccines?
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Genetically engineered fruits and vegetables with appropriate antigen; Experimental
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How are the viruses for vaccines grown?
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In animals, cell cultures, or chicken embryos
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What is a Purified Protein Derivative (PPD)?
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Tuberculosis skin test
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What are precipitation reactions and under what conditions do they occur best?
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The interaction of soluable antigens with IgG or IgM to form lattices; occur best when antigen and antibody are present in optimal proportions
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What is an antitoxin?
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An antibody produced in response to a bacterial exotoxin or a toxoid
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What are cytopathic effects (CPE)?
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Morphological changes in the host cell: cell rounding, disorientation, swelling or shrinking, death, etc
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What is a neutralization reaction?
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A way to detect antibodies of certain viruses by their ability to interfere with viral hemagglutination in hemagglutination inhibition tests
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What are complement-fixation reactions and what is it used for?
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A complement binds to antigen-antibody complex and is used up; Used to detect very small amounts of antibody
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What types of diseases or infections are complement-fixation reactions used to detect?
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Wasserman test for syphilis (in the past); Certain viral, fungal, and rickettsial diseases
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What is an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)?
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Used to test for either an antigen or an antibody; a color changes indicates a positive result
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What is an indirect ELISA?
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Used to detect specific antibodies against antigen bound in test well; used to test for HIV and Avain flud virus
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What is a direct ELISA?
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Used to detect antigens against specific antibody bound in test well (aka sandwich ELISA)
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