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195 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microa specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too smlll to be seen without magnification biology
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Microbiology
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Six major groups of microorganisms
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Bacteria
Viruses Fungi Protozoa Algae Helminths |
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1.8 billion years ago
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Eucaryotic
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True nucleus
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Eucaryotic
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3.5 billion years ago
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Procaryotes
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no true nucleus
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procaryotes
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The most infectious diseases are
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respiratory/influenza
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Causes infertility in women
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Chlamydia
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differ primarily in the complexity of their cell structure
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Eucaryotic cells
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lack special structures such as a nucleus ane organelles
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procaryotic cells
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all are microorganisms....
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procaryotes
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subject to intense study by microbiologists; not cells; small particales that exists at a level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells
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viruses
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The formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
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taxonomy
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Levels of Classification
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Domain
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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the orderly arrangement of organisms into groups; shows evoluntionary relationships
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Classification
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The process of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species
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nomenclature
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the process of discovering and recording the traits of organisms so that they may be placed in an overall taxonomic scheme
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identification
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Always capatilized; italized and underlined
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Genus
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Always lowercase; italized and underlined
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species
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living things arise only from others of their same kind
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biogenesis
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The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life
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abiogenesis
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Early belief that living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving, or decomposing, matter
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Spontaneous generation
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used to organize all of the forms of life
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taxonomy
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Eucaryotes are all placed in the domain
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Eukarya
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An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human population is
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epidemiology
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A prominent difference between procaryotic and eucaryotic cells is the
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presence of a nucleus in eucaryotes
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Bacteria and archaea are
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procaryotic
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By definition, organisms in the same ______ are more closely related than are those in the same _______
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class and phylum
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Correct order of the taxonomic categories
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species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
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equals to no. of protons
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atomic number
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equals to number of protons and neutrons
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atomic mass
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a combination of two or more elements
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molecule
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a combination of two or more different elements
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compound
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the nucleus of an atom is surrounded by
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electrons
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variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons and thus have different mass numbers
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Isotopes
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contains one orbital and a maximum of two electrons
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first shell
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contains four orbitals and up to eight electrons
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second shell
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contains nine orbitals and up to eighteen electrons
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third shell
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contains 16 orbitals and up to 32 electrons
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Fourth shell
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measurement of the H+ ion concentration
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pH scale
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excess H+ ions in solution
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Acidic
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Excess OH- ions in solution
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Basic
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equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions
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Neutral
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4 Macromolecules
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Carbohydrates
Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids |
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C or H is present
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Inorganic
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C and H are present
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Organic
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not soluble in polar solvents such as water
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Lipid
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Sugars and Polysaccarides are
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Carbohydrates
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Triglycerides, phosolipids, and steriods are
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Lipids
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fats and oils are
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triglycerides
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The predominant organic molecule in cells
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Protein
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Peptide bonds link
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amino acids
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DNA contains genetic information and transfers it to
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RNA
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RNA translates the DNA information into
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proteins
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ATCG
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DNA
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UACG
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RNA
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Five basic Techniques
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Inoculate
Incubate Isolation Inspection Identification |
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Microbes become visible as isolated colonies contain millions of cells
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Isolation
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Varied temperatures, atmospheric states
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Incubation
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mixed culture; pure culture
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Inspection
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Microscopic appearance
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Identification
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Most commonly used in labs
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Bright-field
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Observe live or stained specimen
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Bright-field
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Observe live unstained specimen
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Dark-field
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View an outline of the specimen
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Dark-field
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Observe live specimen; view cellular internal details
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Phase - contrast
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florescence or unstained images are combined to form a three dimensional image
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Confocal
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composed of protein subunits
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Flagella
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Chemotaxis (mobility)
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Flagella
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The tendency of organisms to move in response to a chemical gradient
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Chemotaxis
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a single flagellum
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monotrichous
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small bunches or tufts of glagella emerging from the same site
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lophotrichous
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with flagella at both poles of the cell
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amphitrichous
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flagella are dispersed randomly over the surface of the cell
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peritrichous
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attachment; mating
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fimbrae and Pili
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the transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another
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Pili
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A filamentous network of carbohydrate-rich molecules that coats cells
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Glycocalyx
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protects bacteria from immune cells
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Glycocalyx capsule
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enables attachment; aggregation of bacterial cells
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Glycocalyx slime layer
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Thick peptidoglycan layer, acidic polysaccarrides, teicho and lipoteichoic acid
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Gram positive cell wall
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Thin peptidoglycan layer, outer membrane, porins, lipid polysaccarrides
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Gram negative cell wall
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Important for cell wall stability and shape
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Peptidoglycan
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no cell wall
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mycoplasma
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site for cell metabolism
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cytoplasm
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archea bacteria found in hot springs
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thermophiles
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Archea bacteria found in high salt areas
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Halophiles
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Yeast is an example of
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Eucaryotes
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Protoza is an example of
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Eucaryotes
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Algae is an example of
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Eucaryotes
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Helminths is an example of
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Eucaryotes
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Animal cells is an example of
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Eucaryotes
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Paramecium has
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cilia
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membrane bound organelle
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Nucleus
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chromosomal DNA
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Chromatin
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site for RNA synthesis
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Nucleolus
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proteins that associate with DNA during mitosis
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Histones
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coated with ribosomes
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RER
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site of protein synthesis
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RER
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Transport material from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and cell membrane
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RER
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Transitional vesicles
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RER
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consists ribosomes, DNA and enzymes
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mitochondria
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site of energy generation
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mitochondria
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folded membrane containing the green pigment chlorophyll
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Thylakoids
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surrounds the thylakoids
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stroma
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the site for the transformation of solar energy to chemical energy
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Thylakoids
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allows movement of molecules in the cytoplasm
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Microfilaments
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maintains the shape of the cell and enables movement
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Microtubules
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Asexual or sexual: Sporangiospores
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: conidia
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: arthrospores
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: chlamydospores
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: phialospores
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: macrocoidia
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: porospores
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: zygospores
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sexual
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Asexual or sexual: basidospore
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sexual
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Penicillium is another example of
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Amastigomycota (perfect)
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Mycelium is an example of
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Amastigomycota (imperfect)
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Asexual or sexual: Trophozoite
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asexual
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Asexual or sexual: Encystment
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asexual
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Amoeboid protoza
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Brain infections
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Flagellated protoza
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Giardiasis
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Apicomplexan protoza
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Malaria
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Tapeworms, Flukes, roundworms
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Helminths
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Asexual or sexual: Mastigophora
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sexual
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Asexual or sexual: Sarcodina
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Asexual
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The transport process in order
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Nucleus, RER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, secretion
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long, threadlike cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi or molds
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Hyphae
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a chain of yeasts formed when buds remain attached in a row
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pseudohypha
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type of vesicle originating from the Golgi apparatus that contains a variety of enzymes
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lysosome
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involved in intracellular digestion of food particles and in protection against invading microorganisms
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lysosomes
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created inside a special fungal sac
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ascospores
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formed when two different strains or sexes join together to produce offspring. END result - diploid nucleus
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ascospores
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haploid sexual spores formed on the outside of a club shaped cell
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Basidiospores
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two mating types coming together, fusing and forming terminal cells with diploid nuclei
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Basidiospores
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its nucleus produces, though meiosis, four haploid nuclei
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basidiospores
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Fungi that produce sexual and asexual spores
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perfect
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perfect or imperfect: phycomycetes
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perfect
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perfect or imperfect: ascomycetes
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perfect
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perfect or imperfect: basidiomycota
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perfect
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Fungi that produce only asexual spores
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(imperfect)
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perfect or imperfect: deuteromycota
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imperfect
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sum total of the genetic information carried by an organism
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genome
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have a polyhedral head, a helical tail, and fibers for attachment to the host cell
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bacteriophage
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are pleomorphic and range from spherical to filamentous in shape
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enveloped viruses
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virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors
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adsorption
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The virus is engulfted into a vesicle and its envelope is
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penetration
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Thereby freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm
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Uncoated
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Under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, spikes
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Synthesis
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Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers
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Assembly
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Enveloped viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away an envelope with the spikes. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell
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Release
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double stranded genome
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enveloped
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double stranded and singl stranded genome
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non enveloped
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play a role in cell structure and metabolism
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macronutrients
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enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure
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micronutrients
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an organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form
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heterotroph
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an organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source
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autotroph
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is able to concentrate and store phosphate in metachromatic granules
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corynebacterium
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requires neither sunlight or organic nutrients; relies on inorganic minerals
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lithoautotrophs
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derive both carbon and energy from organic compounds
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heterotrophs
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free-living microorganisms that feed primarily on organic detritus from dead oganisms
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Saprobes
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isotonic the environment is equal in solute concentration to the cell's internal environment
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isotonic
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the most stable environment for cells
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isotonic
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the solute concentration of the external environment is lower than that of the cell's internal environment
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hypotonic
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conditions are also out of balance with tonicity of the cell's cytoplasm. The environment has a higher solute concentration than the cytoplasm.
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hypertonic
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Utiliziation of a carrier protein that will bind a specific substnace
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facilitated diffusion
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energy expenditure is not required. Substances exist in a gradient and move from areas or higher concentration to a area of lower concentration
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Passive
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Energy exenditure is reuired molecules need not exist in a gradient. Rate of transport is increased. Transport may occur against a concentration gradient
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Carrier mediated active transport
Group transolcation Bulk transport |
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can use gaseous oxygen in its metabolism and posesses the enzymes needed to process tozic orxygen products
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aerobe
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an organism that cannot grow with oxygen
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obligate aerobe
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examples of organisms that cannot grow without oxygen
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micrococcus and bacillus
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an aerobe that does not require oxygen for its metabolism and is capable of growth in the absence of it
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facultative anaerobe
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lacks the metabolic enzyme systems for using ocygen in respiration.
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Anaerobe
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exist uner pressure that range from a few times to over 1,000 times the pressure of the atmosphere
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barophiles
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organisms live in close nutritional relationships; required by one or both members
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symbiotic
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mutalism, commensalism, parasitism, are examples of
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symbiotic
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organisms are freeliving; relationships not required for survival
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non symbiotic
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syngerism and antagonism are examples of
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non symbiotic
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building and bond making process that forms larger macromolecules from smaller ones; requires input of energy
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anabolism
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break the bonds of larger molecules into smaller molecules
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catabolism
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cellulase, amylase, and penicillinase are examples of
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exoenzymes
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transfer electrons from one substrate to another and dehydrogenases transfer a hydrogen from one compound to another
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oxidoreductases
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transfer functional groups from one substrate to another
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transferases
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cleave bonds on molecules with the addition of water
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hydrolases
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add groups to or remove groups from double bonded subtrates
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lyases
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change a substrate into its isomeric form
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isomeraes
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catalyze formation of bonds with the input of ATP and ther removal of water
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ligases
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loses electrons
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oxidized
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gains electrons
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reduced
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reaction that occur in pairs, with an electron donor and an electron acceptor
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reox reaction
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divides the glucose into two 3 carbon fragments; does not require oxygen
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Glycolysis
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2 ATP
2 NADH 2 pyruvic acid |
glycolysis
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6 CO2
2 ATP 2 FADH2 8 NDH |
citric acid/krebs cycle
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34 ATP
6 H20 |
electron transport chain
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as the electron transport carriers shuttle electrons, they actively pump hydrogen ions into the outer compartment of the mitochondrion
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chemiosmosis
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