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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Staphylococci?
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- Gram positive
- catalase positive - spherical - appear in clusters - fermenters |
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What are the 3 main sub species of Staphylococci?
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- S. aureus
- S. epidermidis - S. saphrophyticus |
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Characteristics of S. aureus?
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Coagulase positive, characteristic morphology, ferment mannitol
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Diseases caused by S. aureus?
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- localized abscess
- hospital acquired or post-influenzal pneumonia - acute endocarditis - sepsis - toxin associated syndromes |
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What are the toxin associated syndromes of S. aureus?
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- food poisoning
- Expanded Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter's disease, classic scalded skin syndrome, Staphylococcal "scarlet fever", bullous impetigo) - Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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Treatments for S. aureus?
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- Penicillinase Resistant Semi-- Synthetic Penicillin (methicillin, oxicillin, cloxicillin, dicloxicillin)
- Vancomysin |
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Problems arising from antibiotic treatment of S. aureus?
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- Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcal aureus (MRSA)
- Vancomycin Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) |
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Virulence factors of S. aureus?
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- Protein A (binds to the Fc portion of IgG and inhibits phagocytosis therefore is not affected by FnBP and can bind whether it is present or not, unlike other Gram negatives)
- Membrane damaging exotoxins - Superantigen exotoxins (exfoliatin, enterotoxins A, B, C, D, E, G) |
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Characteristics of S. epidermis?
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- opportunistic
- have an affinity for prosthetic devices |
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Treatment of S. epidermis?
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- Vancomycin
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Characteristics of S. saphrophyticus?
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- 2nd most common cause of community acquired UTIs
- lives on dead tissues - is Novobiocin resistant in the lab |
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Treatment of S. saphrophyticus?
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- Common antibiotics
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Characteristics of Streptococci?
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- Gram positive
- Catalase negative - Spherical - Appear in chains - Have complex nutritional requirements - Have a characteristic colonial morphology |
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How is Streptococci classified?
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- Hemolytic reaction (alpha, alpha prime, beta or gamma)
- Lancefield Groups A-R (serology) - By other antigens (serology) - By biochemical characterization/phenotypic characteristics. |
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What are the main subspecies of Streptococci?
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- S. pyogenes
- S. pneumoniae - S. agalactiae - Group C streptococci - The Viridians Group |
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Characteristics of S. pyogenes?
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- Beta hemolytic
- Lancefield Group A - Penicillin susceptible |
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Diseases caused by S. pyogenes?
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- Acute suppurative infections
- Toxin associated syndromes |
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Types of acute suppurative infections?
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- Pharyngitis
- Skin and Tissue infections (impetigo, cellulitis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis) - Sepsis |
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Types of toxin associate syndromes caused by S. pyogenes?
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- Scarlet Fever
- Streptococci Toxic Shock Syndrome |
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Post S. pyogenes diseases?
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- Acute glumerulonephritis
- Rheumatic Fever - Erythema nodosum |
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Characteristics of S. pneumoniae?
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- Alpha hemolytic
- Lancet-shaped dipplococci - Rough or Smooth colonial morphology - Are normal throat flora |
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Diseases caused by S. pneumoniae?
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- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Upper respiratory tract infections - Meningitis - Sepsis |
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Vaccines for S. pneumoniae?
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- Pneumovax
- Prevnar |
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Characteristics of S. agalactiae?
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- Lancefield Group B
- Found in the vagina of 25% of normal women |
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Diseases caused by S. agalatiae?
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- Neonatal pneumonia
- Neonatal meningitis - Neonatal sepsis |
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Group C Strepococci Diseases?
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- Human sepsis associated with horses
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Viridians Group Characteristics?
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- Alpha hemolytic
- No Lancefield antigens - Are normal oral flora |
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Diseases caused by the Viridians?
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- subacute bacterial endocarditis
- carries (from S. mutans) |
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2 Subspecies of Enteric Gram Negative Rods?
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- Enterobacteriaceae
- Nonfermenters |
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Characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae?
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- straight rods
- aerobes - ferment glucose - reduce NO3 to NO2 - are cytochrome oxidase negative - flagella, if present, are peritrichous - are normal flora - are opportunistic |
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Subspecies of Enterobacteriae?
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- Eschericia Coli
- Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica - Shigella species - Yersinia enterocolitica - Yersinia pestis - Serattia marcescens - Kleibsiella pneumonia |
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Types of E. coli?
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- Enterotoxigenic E. coli
- Enteroinvasive E. coli - Veritoxigenic (Enterohemorragic) E. coli |
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Characteristics of E. coli?
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- found on food and water
- cause UTIs - differentiated by O (LPS), H (flagella) and K (capsule) antigens |
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Characteristics of Enterotoxigenic E. coli?
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- found on many foods
- causes traveller's diarrhea - Dukkoral is an oral vaccine used in prevention |
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Characteristics of Enteroinvasive E. coli?
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- Found on cheese, salads, cold meats and in water
- causes bloody diarrhea and fever |
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Characteristics of Veritoxigenic (Enterohemorragic) E. coli?
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- Found on undercooked hamburger, un-pasturized milk and water
- causes diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome - Walkerton (O157:H7) & Jack-in-the-Box (O26:H11) - antibiotics contraindicated |
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Characteristics of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica?
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- Found on poultry, eggs and pet turtles
- causes diarrhea and extraintestinal disease - antibiotics contraindicated |
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Serovar of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica?
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Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi
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Characteristics of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi
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- Found in food and water contaminated with human waste
- causes enteric fever, headache, prostration, floccilation, rose spots, initial constipation/later diarrhea - need antibiotics |
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Characteristics of Shigella Species?
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- found in food and water
- low inoculum for infection (less than 200 bacteria) - nonmotile - cause bloody diarrhea, fever, cramps and dysentry |
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Characteristics of Yersinia enterocolitica?
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- found on pork, cold cuts and water
- causes diarrhea and pseudoappendicitis |
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Characteristics of Yersinia pestis?
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- Black Death/Bubonic Plague
- from flea bites caused by fleas found on rats - necrosis (infarcts) of tissue extremities (nose, fingers, toes) |
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Characteristics of Serattia marcescens?
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- show a pronounced blood-red pigment
- cause nocosomial infections - antibiotic resistant |
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Characteristics of Klebsiella pneumonia?
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- nonmotile
- cause pneumonia, UTIs and sepsis |
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Characteristics of Nonfermenters?
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- antimicrobial resistant
- encompass 15% of aerobic Gram negatives - Do not acidify the butt of KIA or TSI - are very tough to identify and treat |
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Types of Nonfermenters?
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- Pseudonoma aeruginosa
- Ancinerobacter - Stenotrophomonas maltophilia - Burkholderia cepacia |
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Characteristics of Pseudonoma aeruginosa?
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- most common in the lab
- cytochrome oxidase positive - have a grape-odour - show a blue pyocyanin pigment - are found in moist natural environments |
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Diseases caused by Pseudonoma aeruginosa?
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- otitis externa (glue ear) in diabetics
- "hot tub" folliculitis - endocarditis in IV drug abusers - osteomyelitis of calcaneum (after a penetrating injury) |
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Characteristics of Ancinerobacter?
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- contamination of sterile solutions, even disinfectants
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Characteristics of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia?
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- carbapenems resistant
- isolated in patients after broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy used. - clinical significance doubtful unless isolated from a sterile site |
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Characteristics of Burkholderia cepacia?
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- infects the respiratory tract of patients with cystic fibrosis
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