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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spontaneous generation
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abiogenesis
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name given to microbes first identified by Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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animalcules
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a weakened form of a virus or bacteria
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attenuated
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a microscopic, unicellular plantlike organism belonging to the Protista kingdom
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bacteria
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a chemical compound that can inhibit or stop the growth of bacteria
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antiseptic
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the idea that life comes from life and is self producing
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biogenesis
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capable of being transmitted from one individual to another
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contageous
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minute living organisms that can only be seen with the naked eye
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microorganisms
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heat sensitive form or vegetative form of bacterium
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labile
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refers to time after patients death
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postmordem
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refers to time after patient gives birth
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postpardem
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cloudy
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turbid
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puerperal sepsis
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childbed fever
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conversion of water to steam
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vaporization
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disease causing bacteria
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pathogen
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presence of bacerial toxins and bacteria in the blood
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sepsis
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micro
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small
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bio
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life
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ology
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the study of
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parasitology
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the study parasites
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mycology
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the study of fungi
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cocci
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circles
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bacillus
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rods
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spirilla
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spirals
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Who discovered the first microscope?
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Anton Vann Leeuwchoek
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Credited with introducing controlled experiments.
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Redi
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What are organisms that can only be seen with a microscope?
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microorganisms
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Define mycology.
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the study of fungi
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Theory that states that life comes from life and is self producing.
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biogenesis
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Who conducted experiments using swan neck flasks?
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Pasteur
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Known as the "Father of Microbiology"
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Anton Van Leeuwchoek
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Conducted experiments to disprove spontaneous generation. He set up three jars of decaying meat, covered one with parchment paper, one with cheesecloth, third left uncovered.
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Redi
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Which scientist has been credited with disproving spontaneous generation?
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Pasteur
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Was was the flaw in John Needham's experiment?
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Corks are porous
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States that specific microorganisms, called bacteria, cause specific diseases in both humans and animals.
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Germ theory of disease
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Introduced the first form of a vaccine
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Pasteur
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Set up the first safety precaution policies
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Philipp Semmelweis
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Boil the solution for one minute. After cooling, the endospores would germinate and turn into a heat - labile vegetative state. The step was then repeated five additional times.
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Tyndalization
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The decomposition of carbohydrates to ethyl in the absence of oxygen.
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Fermentation
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Pioneeered techniques of isolating pure cultures.
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Robert Koch
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Began to disinfect using carbolic acid or phenol
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Joseph Lister
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Known as the Father of Microbiology and Immunology
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Anton Van Leeuwchoek
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Developed and elaborate technique of isolating and identifying specific pathogens that cause specific diseases
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Robert Koch
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Published in the Journal of Medicine in 1843, that childbed fever was possibly spread by the hands of doctors and nurses who went from one patient to another
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Oliver Wendell Holmes
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States that bacteria was responsible for the fermentation of sugars
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Germ Theory of Fermentation
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Boiled meat broth and sealed the neck of the flask = no bacterial growth. After breaking the neck of the flask the solution became turbid with bacterial growth.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani
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Latin word vacca means
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cow
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Caused by streptococcus pyogenes or steptococcus agalactiea
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puerperal fever
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Developed the petri dish
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Julius Petri
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The causative agent must be present in every case of the disease and cannot be present in healthy animals. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and then grown in pure culture. The same disease must then be reproduced in healthy animals that have been injected with organisms fromt he pure culture. The same pathogen must then be recovered from artificially infected animals and that same pahtogens re-isolated in oure culture.
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Koch's Postulates
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What is the name of a microscope in which the light source illuminates the object from below?
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brightfield
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What is it called when a microscope has two eye pieces?
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binocular
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What is the name of a microscope having only one eyepiece?
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monocular
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What is the revolving nose piece that allows for the changing of objective lenses?
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turret
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What is placed between the slide and 100x objective lens that prevents the scattering of light?
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mineral oil
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What is the total power that you are using when examining a specimen using the low dry objective lens?
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100x
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What is the ability of a microscope to cleary determine two seperate points, or objects, as singular, distinguished entites?
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resolution
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Which lens magnifies the object being viewed?
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objective lens
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What is the power of the ocular lens?
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10x
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What is the most common microscope found in a medical laboratory?
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brightfield
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What is the power of the scanning objective lens?
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10x
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What is another name for the high dry power?
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40x
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Comparing the scanning lens and the low dry objective, which lens views more surface area?
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scanning
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Comparing the scanning lens and the low dry objective, which lens allows more light to enter the viewing field?
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scanning
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When moving the stage to the left, which direction does the specimen appear to move in the viewing field?
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right
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When moving the stage forward, which direction does the specimen appear to move in the viewing field?
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backwards
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Which objective lens is most commonly used for the viewing of bacterial specimens?
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objective
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What is the process in which disaccharides are broken down into two monosaccharides by gaining a water molecule?
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hydrolysis
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Which element requires three bonds in an organic compound?
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nitrogen
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Which element requires 4 bonds?
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carbon
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What are elements the contain only hydrogen and carbon?
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hydrocarbons
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Greek word meaning sugar
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sakcharaon
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What organic compund contains one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecule?
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simple lipids
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When two or more of the hydrogen bonds are replaced with double bonds between the carbon atoms C=C in a lipid compound in becomes
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unsaturated
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Which lipid is found in cell membranes, brain, and nerve cells?
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compund lipids
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What is a "tough" molecule that gives necessary rigidity and support to plant cells?
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cellulose
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Which sugar is found in small amounts in agar, flaxseed, and milk?
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galactose
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Which process involoves the synthesis of a large molecule from small ones by losing a water molecule?
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dehydration synthesis
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What is the isomer of glucose that becomes involved in energy releasing reactions?
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fructose
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What is a solution of alcohol mixed with come other substance?
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tincture
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What is a substance that dissolves in a solution?
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solute
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What shows the types of elements and the proportion of each element present?
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formula
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Wha is the substance that the solute blends into?
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solvent
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What are compounds that always contains the element carbon and are found in nature or living things?
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organic compunds
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What are compunds that have the same formula but different structures?
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isomers
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What is another name for dextrose?
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glucose
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What is a collection of repeating molecules forming large molecules?
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polymer
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What is the "universal solvent"?
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water
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What is the atomic number of silver?
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47
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What is the atomic mass of silver?
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107.8
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How many electrons are present in silver?
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47
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How many neutrons are present in silver?
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61
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What are the smallest basic particles?
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atoms
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Where are protons located in the atom?
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nucleus
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What charge do electrons have?
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negative
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What charge do neutrons have?
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neutral
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When an atom gains an electron it has what kind of charge?
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negative
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What is a substance that contains only one kind of atom?
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elements
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What are elements found in living matter?
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organic
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What elements are found in small quantities in living matter?
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trace elements
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What on the periodic table indicates the number of electrons found in the outer orbital?
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groups
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What on the periodic table indicates the number of orbitals for the element?
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periods
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What are the simple sugars, glucose, galactose, and fructose?
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monosaccharides
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What are cellulose and starch?
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polysaccharides
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Glucose + glucose =
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maltose
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Glucose + fructose =
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sucrose
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Occurs in a ratio of 1:2:1
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carbohydrates
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What organic compounds are divided into three groups?
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carbohydrates
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What was the solvent in the chemistry lab activity?
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water
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What was the disaccharide in the chemistry lab activity?
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sucrose
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When oxygen is a strict requirement for growth?
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strict aerobe
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When organisms grow in the presence of reduced oxygen?
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microaerophilic
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When organisms grow and live without the presence of atomspheric oxygen?
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anaerobic
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When organisms that grow only in the presnce of carbon dioxide?
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obligate anaerobe
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When organisms grow with or without the presence of atmospheric oxygen?
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faculative
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When organims grow in the presence of oxygen?
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aerobic
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A pH of 3.0 would indicate?
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acidic
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A pH of 9.0 would indicate?
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alkaline
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A parent cell divides in half after developing a transverse cell wall around itself.
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binary fission
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How fast can bacteria generate new cells?
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doubles every half hour
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May cause disease and spoilage of food and is also responsible preventing growth of bacteria.
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toxins
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Why should you avoid using hot water when washing your hands?
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cracks skin
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Why should you remove all rings, watches, and jewelry before washing hands?
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harbors bacteria
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Why should you keep your fingers pointing down while washing your hands?
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prevents water from running to forearms
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What are two reasons a person should use soap to wash their hands?
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Alkaline pH, sudsy action removes bacteria
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If the instruction for media reconstituion calls for 40g to 1L of purified water and you only need 20mL how much powder would you mix in the 20mL or purified water?
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1000mL/ 40g x 20 mL / x grams
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How many mL are in one L?
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1000
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When oxygen is a strict requirement for growth?
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strict aerobe
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When organisms grow in the presence of reduced oxygen?
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microaerophilic
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When organisms grow and live without the presence of atmospheric oxygen?
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anaerobic
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When organisms grow in the presence of oxygen?
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aerobe
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A parent cell divides in half after developing a transverse cell wall around itself.
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binary fission
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When organisms that grow only in the presence of carbon dioxide?
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obligate anaerobe
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When organisms grow with or without the prensce of atmospheric oxygen?
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faculative anaerobe
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May cause disease and spoilage of food and is also responsible preventing over growth of bacteria.
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toxins
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What is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things?
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cell
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Means true nucleus
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eukaryotic
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Means before nucleus
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prokaryotic
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Individuals who sepcialize in the pathology of the cell, whose internal changes give important clues as to the cause or source of disease.
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cytologist
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Convert 120 mm to M
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.12
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Convert 31 mm to µm
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.3100
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Serves as a channel for transport of proteins in and out of the nucleus
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Rod-shaped organelles that produces the cells energy
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mitochondria
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Chemical reation that breaks down carbohydrates, lipids, and protein molecules to release carbon dioxide, water, and energy
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cellular respiration
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Resembles a "stack of pancakes"
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glogi apparatus
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Contain powerful digestive enzyme called lysozyme capable of breaking down old worn-out cells, bacteria, and foreign matter,
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lysosome
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Called "suicide bags".
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lysosome
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Inner membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis of lipds
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smooth ER
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Membrane that surrounds the nucleus
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Nuclear Membrane
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Humans haploid number
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23
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Made of one cell
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unicellular
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Pockets or folds in the cell membrane that allow large molecules be taken into the cell
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pinocytic vesicels
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What is the control center for all activity?
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nucleus
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DNA and protein that makes up the chromosomes
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chromatin
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Process of cell division in which the nucleus divides to form two new cells.
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mitosis
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Seperates the cell from its outer environment
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cell membrane
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Takes part in protein synthesis and manufactures ribosomes
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nucleolus
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Solution with the same tonicity as the one its being compared.
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isotonic
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Solution with an osmotic pressure less that one with which it is being compared.
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hypotonic
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The diffusion of water through a selective permeable membrane from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration
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osmosis
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Solution with an osmotic pressure less than one with which it is being compared
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hypotonic
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The diffusion of water through a selective permeable membrane from an are of greater concentration of water to an area of lesser concentration
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osmosis
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Physical process whereby molecules of gases, liquids, or solid particles spread or scatter themselves evenly through a medium
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diffusion
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Movement of substances across the cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of high concentration
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active transport
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Called "cell eating"
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phagocytosis
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Protein extensions that consists of nine pairs of hollow protein microtubles surrounding a central pair
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Flagella
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Iodine solution: is the baggie or the beaker hypertonic?
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beaker
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Starch solution: is the baggie or the beaker hypertonic?
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baggie
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Which one is hypotonic in relation to starch, baggie or beaker?
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beaker
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What allows bacteria to stick to one another?
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capsule or slime layer
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What are the organs of locomotion?
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flagella or cilia
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What is a term used to describe sexual reproduction in bacteria?
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conjugation
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Hundreds of hair-like projections that allow bacteria to stick to another?
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pili
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What is responsible for giving a bacteria cell its rigid nature?
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cell wall
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Bacteria that have flagella over the entire surface area.
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peritrichous
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What organelle is responsible for organisms becoming resistant to antibiotics?
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pili
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What controls the passage of nutrients and waste products into and out of the cells?
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cellular membrane
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What is called the extrachromosomal DNA?
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plasmids
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Bacteria that have one polar flagella
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monotrichous
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Bacteria that have flagella at both ends.
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amphitrichous
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Bacteria that contain a tuft of flagella at one end
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iophotrichous
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Which part of the gram negative cell secretes deadly or harmful toxins?
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liposacharride
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Red in color
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negative
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Blue in color
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positive
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What is another name for rods?
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bacillus
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What is another name for circles?
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cocci
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What is the name for two bacteria stuck together?
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diplococcic
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What is usually indicative of a streptococcus infection?
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G + C Chains
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What is the component in the cell wall of a gram negative organism that dissolves in alcohol?
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G + C Clusters
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What is the name of the protein that makes up 80% of the cell wall of a gram positive organism?
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lipids
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How long do you leave the decolorizer on the slide when performing a gram stain?
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30 seconds
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Escherichia coli
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G - r
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Streptococcus sp.
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G + C Chains
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Neisseria sp.
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G - Diplococci
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Klebseilla pnemoniea
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G - r
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How long do you leave the slide exposed to Safranin?
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2 minutes
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What prevents the organisms from being washed off of the slide?
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Heat fixation
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What is a mjor cause of bacterial septicemia of the newborn?
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strept. agalactea
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Normal flora bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract?
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strept. agalactea
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What is another name for Strept. agalactiea?
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group B strept.
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Which Staph. sp. is Novobiocon S?
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mannitol negative
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what bacteria is major concern for people with catheters or other surgical implants?
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strept. epidermidis
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which bacteria is an obligate aerobe?
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micrococcus sp.
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tsi reaction in which only glucose it utilized.
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yellow butt / slant remains red
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tsi reaction in which no sugars are utilized but Sulfate is reduced to H2S
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butt turns black
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clear hemolysis
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beta hemolysis
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green hemolysis
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alpha
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no hemolysis
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gamma
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beta hemolytic strep that is bacitracin S
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strept. agalactea
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toxin that causes the rash in scarlet fever
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pyrogenic
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test when a vertical streak of beta-hemolysin-producing strain of streptlylococcus aureus and a perpendicular strain of beta hemolytic streptococcus are grown
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blood agar plate
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causes biofils on implanted devices
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strepto. epidermidis
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second leading cause of UTI
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staphlo. saprophit.
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what genus of organisms can be yellow in pigment?
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micrococcus
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microbiological test roughly named for its ability to test microorganism's ability to ferment sugars and to produce hydrogen sulfide.
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TSI
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which three sugars are found in tsi agar
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glucose, sucrose, lactose
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toxin that causes alpha hemolysis
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peroxide / green
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toxin that causes beta hemolysis
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hemolysis / clear
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what is another name for strept. pyogenes?
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GAS
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pharyngitis
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sore throat
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necrotizing fasciitis
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flesh eating bacteria
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infection of the superficial layer
|
impetigo
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scalded skin syndrome
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toxins that cause detachment
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disease in which there is detachment within the epidermal layer
|
scalded skin syndrome
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what does mrsa stand for?
|
methecillian resistant staph. aureus
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which species grows small opaque colonies?
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strept.
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an enzyme that breaks doen hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
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catalase
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toxin that caises beta hymolysis
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hemolysis / clear
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what is another name for strept. pyogenes?
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GAS
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pharyngitis
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sore throat
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necrotizing fasciitis
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flesh eating bacteria
|
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impetigo
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infection fo the superficial layer
|
|
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scalded skin syndrome
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toxins that cause detachment
|
|
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disease in which there is detachment within the epidermal layer
|
scalded skin syndrome
|
|
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what does mrsa stand for?
|
methecillian resistant staph. aureus
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|
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which species grows small opaque colonies?
|
strept.
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|
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an enzyme that breaks doen hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen
|
catalase
|
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organism that's cellular division occurs along multiple axis and generates grape-like clusters of cells
|
staph. & micrococcus
|
|
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what is the pH indicator found in msa?
|
below 6.8 / yellow
|
|
|
this test is performed by placing the bacteria in rabbit serum
|
coagulase production
|
|
|
is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a fibrin clot in plasma
|
steptococcus
|
|
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which species grows large white colonies?
|
staph. & micrococcus
|
|
|
is the assemblage of microorganisms that reside on the surface and in deep layers of skin, in the saliva and oral mucosa, and in the gastrointestinal tracts.
|
normal flora bacteria
|
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when organisms can cause infection given the right conditions?
|
opportunistic
|
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condition where both organsisms benefit?
|
mutualism
|
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what indicates the fermentation of mannitol when using MSA agar?
|
acid is produced / pH drops
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indicates a positive catalase reaction
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bubbling
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indicates a positive coagulase reaction
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clot
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