Microbiology Microbes And Diseases

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Diseases of Staphylococcus aureus:

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**food poisoning, skin diseases, systemic diseases (TSS, bacteremia, heart, lung, and bone infections)
**diseases spread by fomites and direct contact

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S. aureus virulence factors and Rx:

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*Coagulase; triggers blood clotting
*Capsules, hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, betalactamases (destroy penicillins)
*Toxins: various, including TSS toxin, exfoliatin, and enterotoxins (heat stable)
*95% resistant to penicillin, but now many resistant to methicillin, and now vancomycin, leaving ?

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Streptococci: G+ cocci

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aerotolerant anaerobes, catalase negative, grow in chains and pairs.
Group A strep: S. pyogenes
Group B strep: S. agalactiae

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Group A strep: S. pyogenes

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pharyngitis, scarlet fever, pyoderma, erysipelas, TSS, necrotizing fasciitis
Sequela: rheumatic fever and glomerulonephritis

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Group B strep: S. agalactiae

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infects newborns during birth, various illnesses.

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S. pyogenes, Group A:

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pharyngitis (strep throat), scarlet fever, skin diseases

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S. pneumoniae:

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lung infections (pneumoniae), meningitis, middle ear infections;
major virulence factor is capsule; occurs in pairs=diplococci.

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S. agalactiae:

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vaginal microbiota, cause newborn septicemia and meningitis

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Viridians group:

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alpha hemolytic; common in throat and mouth, S.mutans=tooth decay

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Enterococcus:
E. faecalis and E. faecium:

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normal microbiota in GI tract, antibiotic resistant, cause of endogenous infections.

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Neisseria: Gram - cocci

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N. meningitis and N. gonorrhoeae
**coffee bean shaped in pairs
**pyogenic

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N. gonorrhoeae

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cause of gonorrhea
virulence factors: capsule, fimbriae, survival in neutrophils
*males: painful discharge from urethra
*females: often asymptomatic; otherwise, urethritis, PID, arthritis.
*eye infection of newborns
*no long term immunity

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N. meningitis

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cause of bacterial meningitis
capsule protects cells during phagocytosis
present as normal microbiota in 40% of population
trasmitted by droplets, close contact
infection of meninges, sore throat, high fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting, convulsions

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serology

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use of antibodies to identify particular antigenic molecules on cell surfaces

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O antigen

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repeating sugar group on LPS

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H antigen

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flagellar protein

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K antigen

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capsule antigen around cell

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Klebsiella pneumoniae

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various opportunistic infections including wound infections, pneumonia
**capsule is the major virulence factor

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Proteus

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changes shape and flagella between liquid and solid media; common cause of UTIs.
**produces urease

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Enterobacter aerogenes

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coliform; GI tract and environmental
wound infections

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Salmonella

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present in eggs, poultry, on animals such as reptiles.
large dose results in food poisoning; diarrhea, fever, etc.

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Salmonella typhi

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typhoid fever. spread through body. gall bladder as reservoir.
importance of clean water and sewage treatment.

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Shigella

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S.sonnei (most common)and
S. dysenteriae (most serious); cause shigellosis.
*very small infectious dose, personal hygiene importantin prevention.
*infection damages intestinal lining, cells pass directly from cell to cell; cramps, diarrhea, bloody stools.
S. dysenteriae produces shiga toxin which inhibits protein synthesis, increases damage.

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Yersinia

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Y. pestis is cause of plague, other species cause food-borne infections.

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Plague: 3 cycles

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sylvan, urban, and human
**endemic in sylvan cycle; mixing of woodland and urban rodents brings urban cycle; fleas jump from dying rats to humans.
Infection leads to large swollen lymph nodes: buboes.
Bubonic plague: high fever
Septicemic plague: with DIC, bruising (black death)
Pneumonic: coughed out and spread human to human, 100% mortality

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Pasteurella multocida

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small Gram - rod
common in animals, people get it by bites, scratches.
inflammation, swollen nodes near site of infection

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Haemophilus

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H.influenzae: mostly respiratory infections and meningitis and epiglottis in very young.

H.ducreyi: STD chancroid; visible and painful in men.

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Brucella

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infection from contact with livestock, fluids including dairy.
Undulant fever: fever that goes up and down; several other names including Bang's disease.

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Bordetella:
B. pertussis

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cause of whooping cough
infects trachea, several toxins.
disease in stages:
incubation, catarrhal, paroxysmal

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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G- aerobic rod
*most dangerous Pseudomonas
capable of causing disease anywhere in body
Burn patients and cystic fibrosis patients most vulnerable
Cause of swimmer's ear, hot tub infections
**resistant to most antibiotics and disinfectants

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Francisella:
F. tularensis

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cause of tularemia
also called rabbit fever, tick fever, deerfly fever.
Chills, fever, malaise, swollen nodes

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Legionella:
L. pneumophila

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very common in aquatic environments: ponds, cooling towers, hotwater heaters, showers.
most dangerous as opportunistic pneumonia, inhalation
"pontiac fever": mild form of disease.

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Bacteroides

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anaerobic gram- rod
live in diff. parts of body, especially GI tract; also in mouth, genito-urinary tract.
trauma to these areas leads to polymicrobic infections.

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Member of the herpes virus family:

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HSV 1 and 2, Variella zoster(VZV), Epstein Barr (EBV), and cytomegalovirus (CMV)

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Herpes simplex 1 and 2:

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HHV 1: above the waist
typically oral, cold sores, flu-like symptoms.
HHV 2: genital, STD & neonatal. Painful, contagious sores on genitals, overlaps with HHV1.

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Varicella zoster

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Varicella: chicken pox
Zoster: shingles

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Cytomegalovirus

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CMV (HHV5): infection results in enlarged cells.

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Epstein-Barr virus

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cause of infectious mononucleosis.
infects B-cells and salivary glands.
sore throat, swollen glands and spleen
long lasting fatigue

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Hepatitis

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inflammation of the liver
damage results in accumulation of bilirubin
results in yellow color=jaundice

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Hepatitis B

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DNA virus:"hepadnavirus"
released from live cells, so high numbers in body fluids.
blood of infected person is highly contagious
large amounts of empty capsids ties up antibodies.

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Hepatitis A

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small RNA virus:"picornavirus"
transmitted by fecal-oral route. incubation for 1 month, followed by fever, nausea, anorexia, jaundice.
T cells attack infected liver cells.
no chronic infections, patients recover.

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Hepatitis C

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RNA virus, diff. group: "flavivirus"
causes chronic infections.
transmission like HepB: blood, sex, transplants.
often mild w/few symptoms until damage
long period bet/n infection and damage

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Arkansas Arboviruses:
Encephalitis

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spread by mosquitoes;
Eastern Equine enceph., togavirus.
St. Louis enceph., West Nile virus, flavivirus.

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Mycoplasma

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unusual properties
very small, pleomorphic (cocci to filaments)
Have no cell walls, but have sterols in their membranes

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M. pneumoniae

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attaches to epithelial cells, kills them
Buildup of mucus, other infections.
Fever, malaise, sore throat, etc. Walking pneumonia
No cell wall, so can't treat with penicillins!

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Ureaplasma urealyticum

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sexually transmitted, cause of urethritis

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Rickettsiae

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gram negative, very small, obilgate parasites
most spread by vectors
Damage to capillaries produces spots, rashes

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R. rickettsii

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Rocky mountain spotted fever
spread by tick bite

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R. prowazekii

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epidemic typhus
vector is the human louse

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R. typhi

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murine/endemic typhus
vector is the flea

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Ehrlichia chaffeensis

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spread by lone star tick and dog tick
infects leukocytes rather than endothelial cells.

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Chlamydia

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cell wall and outer membrane, but no peptidoglycan.
spread directly rather than by vectors.
Two stage life cycle:
elementary body: tiny and inert. Spore-like~dormant and resistant. Infectious~form that moves between cells.
Reticulate Body: metabolically active, reproduce inside host cells.

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C. trachomatis

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infects cells of mucous membranes, conjunctiva. Mostly eye and STD.

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Trachoma

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leading cause of non-traumatic blindness. infection of conjunctiva causes scarring, turning in of eyelashes which scratch cornea.

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Non-gonococcal urethritis

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chlamydia infections are the most common STD, but even more are infected and asymptomatic.

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Lymphogranuloma venereum

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lymph nodes in genital region become enlarged (buboes), may even rupture.
blocked lymph ducts lead to genital elephantiasis.

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Chlamydia pneumoniae

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cause of bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia

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Chlamydia psittaci

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cause of ornithosis

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Spirochetes

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have internal flagella in bundles called axial filaments; corkscrew through liquid.

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Treponema pallidum

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cause of syphilis,STD
hard painless genital ulcer; long incubation; ulcer disappears, spirochete spreads, causes systemic disease (rash, fever); either goes away, comes back, or tertiary syphilis in which gummas form, serious stage.

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Borrelia burgdorferi

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cause of Lyme disease
spread by deer tick
slow developing, fever, bulls-eye rash; arthritis and heart or CNS involvement

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Borrelia recurrentis

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cause of relapsing fever
spread by lice or ticks

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Leptospira interrogans

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cause of leptospirosis
from contact with animal fluids, esp. urine.
infects liver and kidneys

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Vibrio cholera

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gram- curved rod
toxin-mediated severe diarrhea

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Campylobacter jejuni

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number one cause of bacterial gastroenteritis; zoonotic.
Food-borne disease, most retail chickens are contaminated.

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Helicobacter pylori

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cause of ulcers and gastritis
unusual b/c can live in stomach
produces urease enzyme
correlated w/stomach cancer

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Aspergillus

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aspergillosis
very common in soil, plant materials.

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Candida

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candidiasis
cause of vaginal infections, diaper rash, thrush.
capable of infecting any part of the body

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Cryptococcus neoformans

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inhalation of spores
predilection for CNS

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Pneumocystitis carinii

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fungus
most cases associated w/AIDS
serious lung infections: PCP

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Balantidium coli

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present in hog intestines
source: contaminated water
disease: attack of GI tract

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Entamoeba histolytica

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fecal-oral transmission
asymptomatic to severe diarrhea

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Acanthameoba and Naegleria

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natural water or through eye (Acanthamoeba)
brain infections; rare, fatal (Naegleria)

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Trypanosoma

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cause of african sleeping sickness, spread by tsetse fly. Infection of CNS, causes coma.
cause of Chagas disease, spread by reduviid bug: eventually damages heart tissue.

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Leishmania

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causes leishmaniasis, spread by sandfly

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Toxoplasma

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kills fetus
part of life cycle involves cats, so pregnant women must stay away from litter box

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Cryptosporidium

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primarily livestock and poultry, acquired fecal-oral through food or contaminated water.
diarrhea, but systemic spread as well.