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97 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the two is used topically and which is used internally?
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Nystatin - topically
Amphotericin B - internally |
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What is the metabolism of Abxs?
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Abx -> blood, goes thru liver, it is conjugated where it is sent back into the blood; kidneys removed conjugated abx and put it into the urine
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What are the modes of action of Abxs?
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Inhibit cell wall synthesis, cell membrane fxn, inhibit bacterial 70s ribosomes, and affect DNA/RNA fxn
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What is the goal of asepsis?
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to prevent, eliminate or confine infection
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What spectrum are Polymyxins?
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narrow spectrum against G- bacteria
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What are the phagocytic cells of inflammation?
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Neutrophils and monocytes
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What 4 things can we do for infection control?
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Education of public
Technical development for proper dx Survelliance during tests of microbes Statutory Regulations of OTC drugs |
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What is antisepsis?
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the process of destroying only vegetative pathogens on living tissue - mouthwash for teeth
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What do anti-fungal agents work against?
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against the eukaryotic fungi - yeasts and molds
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Name several anti-viral agents.
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Acyclovir / Zovirax for Herpes, Amantadine for Influenza A, Ribavirin for RSV, Interferon for hepatitis viruses
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Sanitization is used to ...
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reduce the # of microbes on inanimate surfaces
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What are 4 methods of antisepsis?
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boiling, US cleaning, radiation, chemical methods
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How do Nystatin and Amphotericin work?
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they inhibit the functioning of sterols in the eukaryotic cell membrane; since prokaryotic cell membranes don't have sterols, they don't work on bacterial growth in these cells
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What is the most common macrolide?
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Erythromycin
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What is ethylene oxide active against?
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both vegetative and spores; highly microbicidal
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What can a disinfectant be used on and why?
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It cannot be used on tissue due to it being too harsh of a chemical. It can be used on innominate objects - table, sinks, etc.
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What soil bacteria do all the 70s inhibiting Abxs come from?
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Streptomyces spp.
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What are innate or non-specific resistance?
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Species, intraspecies / racial, and individual resistance, sex, hormone balances
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How does autoclaving kill microbes?
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increased H20 content in protoplasm decreases the temperature necessary to denature all protein in microbes, killing them; 15# above atmospheric T
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What is asepsis?
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process of dettering the development of sepsis or the breakdown of tissue by microbes
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How do these work more against fungal cell membranes than against human cell membranes?
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Fungi, yeast, molds have more sterols in their cell membrane than we do
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What spectrum are tetracyclines?
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broad spectrum
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What is antitoxin therapy?
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used to neutralize toxins
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What is the function of a disinfectant?
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to destroy pathogens, to prevent infection.
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What are bacteriocidal Abxs called that inhibit/kill the 70s ribosomes?
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aminoglycosides
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What are the side effects of chloramphenicol?
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suppresses red bone marrow -> aplastic anemia
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What is chemotherapy?
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use of chemicals to rx disease; agents should be bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal; should be non-toxic to host
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What is sterilization?
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The process of killing or removing all life forms, esp. microbes, spores, and viruses. It is an absolute state.
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How are polymyxins used and are they nephrotoxic?
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used in ointments and yes, they are nephrotoxic
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What are side effects of Abxs?
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Allergy or hypersensitivity
Toxicity to use-such as Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Aplastic anemia, Tooth discoloration Loss of normal microbial flora -> development of sec. infections |
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Why don't Abx have an effect on humans?
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we don't have the peptidoglycan cell wall
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Define disinfection.
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It is the process of destroying only vege-non-pathogens.
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Polymyxins come from which soil bacteria?
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Bacillus polymyxa for polymyxin B
Bacillus colistinus for polymyxin E / colistin |
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What is the common trade name for Chloramphenicol?
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Chloromycetin
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What are two types of chemical degermination?
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Using a -cide: that kills microbes
Using a -static: that inhibits or stops the growth multiplication of microbes - DOES NOT KILL ! |
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What is the difference of medical and surgical asepsis?
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medical asepsis is designed to keep objects, etc. free from pathogens while surgical is designed to prevent microbes from gaining access to pt.
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What do these Abxs not have an effect on?
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eukaryotic fungi, yeast, molds, viruses
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Discuss hormone balance and resistance.
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Estrogen up-regulates and progesterone down-regulates immune responses
Cortisone - low levels -> Addison's disease high levels -> Cushing's disease Blood sugar is playing field for bacterial growth |
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What is an antibiotic?
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chemical compounds originally produced by mo in which small amounts inhibit or kill other mo's.
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What is INH / isoniazide hydrazide ?
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a antimetabolite for mycolic acid, used for rx of TB
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What are the two anti-fungal agents and where do they come from?
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Nystatin from Streptomyces noursei
Amphotericin B from Streptomyces nodosus |
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What is sulfa and sulfonamides?
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an antimetabolite that is substituted for PABA that leads to stopping DNA synthesis; they are bacteriostatic
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What is alkylation that is used with ethylene oxide?
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it involves the replacement of H on organic moelcules with organic residues
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What suffix do aminoglycosides end in ?
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-mycin, -micin
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What damage can these cause to the body?
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Nephrotoxic and ototoxic
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What is immunological prime?
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20-40 yos.
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Why don't Abx have an effect on viruses and fungi?
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They also lack to peptidoglycan cell walls.
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What are the side effects of CA therapy?
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Hair loss, dec. in lining of GI tract, Anemia, immune suppression, bruising
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How are aminoglycosides given to patients?
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by IM or IV
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What are Sulfas used for?
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UTIs, TB
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How do soap/surfactants chemically disinfect?
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it degerms skin by removing transient bacteria by emulsifying skin oil
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What are the roles of aspirin and acetaminophen in fever reduction?
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Aspirin inhibits PG synthesis and acetaminophen decreases PGs.
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What spectrum are aminoglycosides?
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broad spectrum vs. both G+ and G-
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What are 2 origins of Abx resistance?
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Chance mutation in bacterial chromosome
Plasmid transfer of abx resistance |
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How does dry heat kill microbes?
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the high T coagulates cell proteins
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What is Rifampin?
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From soil bacteria Streptomyces mediterranei
Inhibits only bacterial exnyme that synthesizes RNA Used to rx TB and meningitis |
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What is silver used for?
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used to prevent opthalmia neonatuorum in newborns
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What are the side effects of tetracyclines and how should you take them?
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tooth discoloration in kids; don't take them with meals
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What is Glutaraldehyde or Cidex?
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a disinfectant related to formaldehyde
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What is interferon?
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a protein that leads to the production of TIP/transnational inhibitory protein which leads to the prevention of viral mRNA from replicating -> viral death
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Degermination is to ...
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remove transient microbes on the skin by mechanical and chemical means
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What body part controls fever?
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hypothalamus
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What are the soil fungi and mold Abxs?
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Penicillium spp. and Cephalosporium spp.
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What are 4 ways of Abx resistance?
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Bacterial enzymes inactivate the abx
Change in selective permeability of cell membrane Bacteria develops other metabolic pathway to bypass the abx Bacteria develops a smart metabolic enzyme that recognizes the metabolite and won't use it |
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How does US cleaning work?
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it removes soil and deisintegrates bacterial cells
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What spectrum are macrolides?
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narrow against G+ and fragile G-
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How does radiation kill microbes?
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thymine dimmers which cause mutations and prevent DNA replication; used to sterilize non-filterable items
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Which Abxs inhibit nucleic acids in bacteria and humans also?
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Rifampin, CA therapy
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What is copper used for?
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used to control fungal and algal growth
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What suffix do all tetracyclines end in?
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-cycline
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What is a broad and narrow spectrum Abx?
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Broad = works against G+ and G-
Narrow = works against only G+ or G- BUT not both |
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What are 3 bacteriostatic Abxs that inhibit but not kill the 70s ribosome of prokaryotic bacteria?
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Tetracyclines, Macrolides, Chlormphenicol
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What are alkylating agents used for?
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disinfecting or sterilizing
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What is neomycin used in and what with ? Hint: triple Abx
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Triple Abx with bacitracin (G+), polymyxin (G-), and neomycin (G+ and G- 70s ribosomes)
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What are the soil bacteria Abxs?
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Bacillus spp., Streptomyces spp. - source of -mycins Abx
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Are chloramphenicol broad or narrow spectrum?
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broad
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What 5 things are Abx resistance associated with?
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1. Incr. death toll
2. Incr. hospital stays 3. Incr. direct & indirect $$ 4. Prolonged periods of infection 5. Incr. opporunities for spread of infection to others |
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What are antimetabolites?
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laboratory made chemicals that are substituted for the normal cell metabolites that leads to stopping bacterial metabolism
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What are methods of chemical disinfection?
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Detergents damage lipid cell membrane
Phenols coagulate and denature protein alkylating agents interact with active sites of enzymes Chlorine/peroxide oxidize -SH groups of enzymes -> nonfunctional |
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What is the inflammatory response?
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PGs are made by all cells in body; they dialate capillaries and arteries to allow blood into damaged area
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What is a mechanical means of degermination?
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proper cleaning and scrubbing first!
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What is penicillin with a capital letter name?
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Penicillin with side group in a unique compound
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How does ETOH chemically disinfect?
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denatures proteins, dissolves cell membrane DOES NOT KILL Spores !
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What is natural penicillin with a side group?
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orig. narrow spectrum v. G+ but with side group increase spectrum of activity therefore incr. to also include G- also.
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What Abx do cephlosporins include?
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All abx that sound like "cephalo" Keflex, Ceclor
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How do cephalosporins work?
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inhibit cell wall synthesis
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How does Bacitracin work?
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inhibits bact. cell wall sythesis
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Which Abxs inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall when binary fission occurs?
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Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Bacitracins
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Where does Bacitracin come from?
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soil Bacillus spp.
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Discuss the Penicillin Abx group.
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Includes all abx ending in -cillin
Produced by Penicillium spp. Semi-sythetic comm. production Natural penicillin G is unstable - must be given IM |
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How might natural penicillin be destroyed?
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by plasmids that produce penicillinase that attacks the B-lactam ring on penicillin
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Which Abxs inhibit cell membrane function?
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Polymyxins, Anti-fungal agents; these damage the membranes of prokaryotic bacteria, eukaryotic yeast and fungi and human cells but have not effect on viruses
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What is penicillin with a lower case name?
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Generic penicillin: cheaper, just as good, taste and texture might not be as good
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Where do natural cephalosporins come from
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soil Cephalosoprium spp. molds - semi-synthetic comm. production
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What spectrum is Bacitracin?
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Narrow Spectrum v. G+ with thick outer peptidoglycan cell wall
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What are the structure of cephalosporins resistant to and what is their spectrum coverage?
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penicillinase; broader than penicillin
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How do you use Bacitracin?
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Topically only - it is nephrotoxic - damages the kidneys
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