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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathology
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is the scientific study of a disease
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Etiology
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The study of the cause of a disease
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Pathogenesis
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the development of a disease
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Infection
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the colonization of the body by pathogens
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Disease
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is the abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
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Normal Microbiota
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permanently colonize the host and are always present. some normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens
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transient microbiota
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only present for a limited time
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Microbial antagonisms
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competition between microbes; compete with invading microbes
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Kochs postulates
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correlated spcific disease is caused by a specific organism
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symbiosis
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organisms living together
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commensalism
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one organism is benefited while the other is unaffected
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nosocomial infections
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disease acquired in the hospital
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mutualism
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both organisms benefit
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parasitism
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one organism benefits at the expense of the other
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fomite
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an inanimate object
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sign
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a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease
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symptom
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a change in the body that is felgt by the patient as the result of a disease
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syndrome
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a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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communicable disease
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disease that is spread from one host to another
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contagious disease
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disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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commensalism
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one organism is benefited while the other is unaffected
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nosocomial infections
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disease acquired in the hospital
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mutualism
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both organisms benefit
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parasitism
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one organism benefits at the expense of the other
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fomite
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an inanimate object
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sign
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a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of a disease
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symptom
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a change in the body that is felgt by the patient as the result of a disease
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syndrome
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a specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease
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communicable disease
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disease that is spread from one host to another
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contagious disease
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disease that is easily spread from one host to another
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pathogenicity
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the ability to cause disease
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virulence
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the extent of pathogenicity
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ID50
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the infectious dose for 50% of the population
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LD50
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the lethal dose of a toxin for 50% of the population
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mucous membranes of respiratory tract
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the most frequently used portals of entry for pathogens
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fimbriae
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hair like structures bacteria use to adhere
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capsules
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a smooth viscous, outer covering. bacteria use to adhere
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glycocalyx
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a sticky gelatinous polymer surrounding a cell
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treatment of gram negative micro bacteria with antibiotics
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can lead to septic shock
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nonspecific resistance
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resistance against any kind of pathogen
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skin
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epidermis consists of tightly packed cells with keratine
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mucous membranes
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mucus traps pathogens
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saliva
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washes micrones off of tongue and teeth
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ciliary escalator
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remove microorganisms from lower respiratory system
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Low pH
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inhibits pathogens growth.
skin 3-5 gastric juices: 1.2 - 3 |
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Enzymes
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lysozyme (found in tears, saliva, perspiration) breaks down cell wall of bacteria
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the Lacrimal
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Apparatus of the eye (washes the eye)
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opsonization
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enhancement of phagocytes; coating of microbes with C3B
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inflammation
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increase in blood vessel permeability
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cytolysis
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bursting of microbe
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histamine
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vasodilation, increased permeablity of blood vessels
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Kinins
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vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels
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prostoglandins
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intensity histamine and kinin effect
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leukotriens
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intensity histamine and phagocytic attachment
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margination
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adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
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diapedisis
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is the process where the phagocytes squeeze through the blood vessel walls.
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acquired immunity
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developed during an individuals lifetime
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humoral immunity
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involves antibodies produced by B cells
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Cell mediated immunity
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involves T cells
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Antigen
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a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies
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Antibody
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a protein that is produced in response to an antigen that binds to the antigen
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agglutination
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the clumping of cells
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naturally acquired active immunity
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resulting from infection
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naturally acquired passive immunity
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transplacental
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artificially acquired active immunity
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vaccination
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artificially acquired passive immunity
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injection of antibodies
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IgG
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80% of serum antibodoes
fox complement enhance phagocytosis, neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn |
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IgM
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pentamer
agglutinate antigens agglutinates microbes; first antibody produced in response to infection |
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IgA
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in secretions; mucous, and tears
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IgD
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On B cells, initiate immune response
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IgE
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allergic reactions, lysis of parasitic worms
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Helpter T cells
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TH1: activates cells related to cell mediated immunity
TH2: activates B cells to produce eosinophils |
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Cytotoxic T cells
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Aids in killing virus infected cells
destroys target cells with perforin |
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Delayed hypersensitivity T cells
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associated with allergic reactions, transplant rejection, and tuberculin skin test
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Suppressor T cells
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turn off immune response when antigen no longer present.
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Neutralization
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such as the Schick test for diptheria
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Precipitation
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a reaction of soluble antigens with antibodies
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direct agglutination
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mixing blood with antisera
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hemaglutination
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agglutination of red blood cells
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indirect ELISA
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Anitbodies
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anaphylactic reaction
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IgE, mast cells, and basophils
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Cytotoxic reaction
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IgG, IgM
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immune complex reaction
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antibodies and antigens form complexes
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delayed cell mediated or hypersensitivity
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antigens activate T cells that kill target cells
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autograft
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graft tissues from one part of your body
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isograft
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a tissue graft from an identical twin
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allograft
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a tissue graft from a person who has a very close match to the patient
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zenotransplant
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a tissue graft from a animal
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