Microbiology Lecture Exam 4

Front 1

hypersensitivity

Back 1

exaggerated immune response

Front 2

allergy

Back 2

hypersensitive state acquired through exposure from a particular allergen

Front 3

allergen

Back 3

an antigenic substance capable of producing immediate hypersensitivity (allergy)

Front 4

anaphylaxis

Back 4

rapidly progressing, life-threatening allergic reaction

Front 5

type I (anaphylactic)

Back 5

time: <30 mins
characteristics: IgE binds to mast cells or basophils; causes degranulation of mast cell of basophil and release of reactive substances such as histamine
ex. anaphylactic shock from drug injections and insect venom; common allergic conditions, such as hay feer, asthma

Front 6

type II (cytotoxic)

Back 6

time: 5-12 hrs
characteristics: antigen causes formation of IgM and IgG antibodies that bind to target cell' when combined with action of complement, destroys target cell
ex. transfusion reactions, Rh incompatibility

Front 7

type III (immune complex)

Back 7

time: 3-8 hrs
characteristics: antibodies and antigens form complexes that cause damaging inflammation
ex. arthus reactions, serum sicknes

Front 8

type IV (delayed cell-mediated or delayed hypersensitivity)

Back 8

time: 24-48 hrs
characteristics: antigens activate Tc that kill target cell
ex. rejection of transplanted tissues' contact dermatitis, such as poison ivy, certain chronic diseases, such as tuberculosis

Front 9

ABO blood group:
AB

Back 9

antigens: A and B
plasma antibodies: neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
blood that can be received: A, B, AB, O

Front 10

ABO blood group:
B

Back 10

antigens: B
plasma antibodies: anti-A
blood that can be received: B, O

Front 11

ABO blood group:
A

Back 11

antigens: A
plasma antibodies: anti-B
blood that can be received: A, O

Front 12

ABO blood group:
O

Back 12

antigens: neither A or B
plasma antibodies: anti-A and anti-B
blood that can be received: O

Front 13

erythroblastosis fetalis

Back 13

if a woman is Rh- and her child is Rh+, the mother can become sensitized to this antigen during birth when the placental membranes tear and the fetal Rh+ RBCs enter the maternal circulation, causing the mothers body to produce anti-Rh antibodies of the IgG type. if the woman has a 2nd baby that's Rh-, her anti-Rh antibodies will cross the placenta and destroy the fetal RBCs. the fetal body responds to this immune attack by producing large numbers of immature RBCs called erythroblasts. before birth, maternal circulation removes most of the toxic by-products of fetal RBC disintegration. after birth, the fetal blood is no longer purified by the mother and the newborn develops jaundice and severe anemia

Front 14

immunodeficiency

Back 14

absence of a sufficient immune response; can be either congenital or acquired

Front 15

congenital immunodeficiency

Back 15

people born with a defective immune system; defects in or the absence of a number of inherited genes.

Front 16

acquired immunodeficiencies

Back 16

variety of drugs, cancers or infectious agents

Front 17

autoimmune disease

Back 17

when the action of the immune system is in response to self-antigens and causes damage to one's own organs

Front 18

cytotoxic autoimmune

Back 18

involve antibody reactions to cell-surface antigens, although there is no cytotoxic destruction of the cells
ex. grave's disease

Front 19

immune complex autoimmune

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afflicted individuals produce antibodies directed at components of their own cells including DNA
ex. systemic lupus erythematosus

Front 20

cell-mediated autoimmune

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neurological disease in which T cells and macrophages attack the myelin sheath of nerves
ex. multiple sclerosis

Front 21

self recognition

Back 21

your body cells recognizing other cells as your own

Front 22

HIV

Back 22

HIV is often spread by dendritic cells, which pick up the virus and carry it to the lymphoid organs. it contacts cells of the immune system, most notably activated T cells and stimulates an initial strong immune response.
HIV evades the immune system by becoming a provirus or latent virus within the host cells. it also uses cell-cell fusion to evade the immune system; undergoes rapid antigenic changes. HIV does not kill people, instead it weakens the immune system and causes secondary infections that will eventually kill the individual.