Microbiology Lecture Exam #2

Front 1

What are the trace elements?

Back 1

Mg-manganese
Zn-zinc
Cu-copper

present in much smaller amounts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.

Front 2

What is the advantages of using Agar?

Back 2

-Won't loose chemical structure after heating and re-heating = heat stable

-Bacteria can't digest sugar therefore making is easy to grow bacteria on agar = polysaccharide

Front 3

Ecological groups?

Back 3

express temperature adaption to describe whether an organism grows optimally in cold, moderate or hot temp. range.

Front 4

1. mesophiles?
2. psychrophile?
3. thermophile?

Back 4

1. @ 37c' (body temp)- intermediate temp. Animals, plants, soil water in range temp. Human pathegons
2. @ 15c' or lower
3. @ greater then 55c'- live in soil and water associated w/ volcanic activity. compost direct sun....can form endospores

Front 5

Obligate Aerobe

Back 5

- Requires o2 for growth

-most fungi and protoza as well as many bacteria need o2 in their metabolism

Front 6

Facultative Anaerobe

Back 6

- Doesn't require o2 (o2 would kill)
- 0= o2 = mode of metabolism is fermentation
- large # of bacterial pathogens
ex: gram - , intestinal bacteria

Front 7

Microaerophile

Back 7

- Small amount of o2 in metabolism
- High amounts of o2 would kill this
- Live in small amounts of o2, bot not directly exposed to atomosphere

Front 8

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 8

- Don't require o2 for growth
- o2 will kill
- Strict anerobes live in highly reduced habitats such as : deep muds, lakes, ocean, and soil

Front 9

Aerotolerant Anaerobe

Back 9

- Can grow in presence of o2, but doesn't use o2 for growth

-lack ETC, only use fermentation

Front 10

Obligate Aerobe = Bacteria and effect

Back 10

Bordetella Pertussis

Wooping Cough

Front 11

Facultative Anaerobe =Bacteria and effect

Back 11

Staphylococcus Aueus

Staff Infection, urinary tract infection

Front 12

Microaerophile =Bacteria and effect

Back 12

Helicobacter Pylori

Ulcers

Front 13

Obligate Anaerobes =Bacteria and effect

Back 13

Clostridium Botulinum

Botulish=diarrhea

and also makes botox

Front 14

Aerotolerant Anaerobe =Bacteria and effect

Back 14

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

in yogurt, in female gental tract

Front 15

Psychrophiles
1.growth condition
2.potential plasma
3.strategy

Back 15

1.low temp
2.low temp cause plasma membrane to become too rigid
3.more flexible plasma membrane enzymes maintain flexibility in cold

Front 16

Thermophile
1.growth condition
2. potential problem
3. strategy

Back 16

1.High Temp
2.High temp= plasma membrane become rigid & may denature enzymes
3.More rigid plasma membrane
contain structure in high temp

can form endospores

Front 17

Acidophiles
1.growth condition
2.potential problem
3.strategy

Back 17

1. Acidic conditions
2. Low pH denature proteins
3. Protect intracellular pH by pumping H+ out of cell

Front 18

Alkalophile
1.growth condition
2.potential problem
3.strategy

Back 18

1. Basic conditions
2. high pH may denature enzymes cause RNA to break down
3. Import H+ into the cell to maintain neutrality of the cytoplasm

Front 19

Halophiles
1. growth condition
2. potential problem
3. strategy

Back 19

1. high salt environment
2. hypertonic to cell
3. pumps k+ into cell to prevent water loss

Front 20

Peroxidase

Back 20

Infection treatment by Anaerobic bacteria because lethal effects of o2 on these forms
1. Facultative Anaerobe
2. Obligate Anaerobes

Front 21

What are major elements/ essential elements?

"CHOPNS iron"

Back 21

C-calcium
H-hydrogen
O-oxygen
P- potassium
N- nitrogen
S- sulfur
iron- Fe+
*non-fastidions-organism which can make its own growth factors

Front 22

What are the trace elements?

Back 22

Zn- zinc
Cu- copper
Mg- maganese
*non-fastidions- organism which can make its own growth factors

Front 23

What are the growth or organic factors?

Back 23

-amino acids
-purines
-pyrimidines
*fastidions- organism require to grow in agar

Front 24

Differential Media/ agar?

we use in class

Back 24

contains EMB, that react if certain metabolic processes are performed by the organism. helps organism b/c it reveals certain traits.

tells type of gram- growing in plate by color

Front 25

Selective Media/ agar?

we use in class

Back 25

Favors growth of one type of organism b/c it contains a chemical that restricts the growth of the other type of organism
* gram- (grow) gram+ (die)

Front 26

Enrichment Media/ agar?

Back 26

Favors the growth of one type of organism b/c it contains a chemical that is necessary for growth. used to encourage growth in organism that might be rare in population
*anything can grow

Front 27

Four bacterial growth phase!
show chart

Back 27

1.Lag phase
2.Log phase
3.Stationary phase
4. Death phase

Front 28

Lag Phase

Back 28

cells are adjusting to new environment, not much growth

Front 29

Log Phase

Generation Phase

Back 29

-greatest time in growth= double in size
-best time to test new ant-botic
-generation time=time it takes for culture to double

Front 30

Stationary Phase

Back 30

- # of viable cells= # of dying cells
-b/c lack of nutrients & production of toxic byproducts

Front 31

Death Phase

Back 31

more dying cells that living cells

Front 32

1. Gene
2. Genetic (mendelian) gene
3. Molecular gene

Back 32

1. Carries genetic info, code for functional product
2. From parent to progency, in chromosomes DNA complex w/ proteins or RNA molecule
3. site on chromosomes that provide info on a cell function

Front 33

Define genotype?

Back 33

-genetic make-up fro an organism
- what you don't see
-genes for messed up nose

Front 34

Define phenotype?

Back 34

-physical make-up of an organism
-what you do see
-you see messed up nose

Front 35

Chromosomes for eurkaryotic?

Back 35

-Consists of a DNA molecule tightly wound around histone proteins.
-located in nucleus
- occurs in pair (dipole) or single (haploid)

Front 36

Chromosomes for prokaryotic?

Back 36

-Condensed and secured into a packet by means of histone like proteins
-single circular ring (double strained)
-multi circular or linear chromosomes

Front 37

Define nucleotide?

Back 37

The basic unit of DNA structure is a nucleotide, and a chromosomes in a typical bacteria consists of several million nucleotides linked end to end

Front 38

What are the components of a nucleotide?

whats in a nucleotide?

Back 38

Adenine
Thiamine- only DNA
Cytosine
Guanine
Uracil- only RNA
*inside nucleotides are- nitrogen, bases, sugar, phosphate