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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Skin usually is a barrier to microbial infections but what causes a portal of entry for microbes?
The skin consists of 2 layers: an outer BLANK and thicker underlying BLANK. Skin has a low BLANK and low BLANK content. Principal skin inhabitants are the BLANK, such as BLANK BLANK which causes acne. |
injury, cuts, wounds or damage from burns or penetration by bites
epidermis; dermis pH; moisture diphtheroids; Propionibacterium acnes |
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Human body odor is the bacterial metabolism of lipids by BLANK BLANK.
Deodorants formulated to inhibit BLANK BLANK bacteria. Second largest skin group is BLANK. |
Corynebacterium xerosis
Gram positive staphylococci |
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Name some examples of skin pathogens (8, just name a few).
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Some are m. leprae, p. acnes, p. aeuroginosa, s. aureus, s. pyogenes, c. albicans, h. simplex virus, varicella zoster, etc.
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What are inflammatory skin infections caused by pus forming bacteria called?
Name two species examples. Theses infections range from a simple BLANK to a large BLANK with rapid tissue BLANK. Major forms are BLANK, BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK skin syndrome. (Hint: FEIS) |
Pyodermas
Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes pimple; lesion; destruction furunculosis, erysipelas, impetigo, and scalded skin syndrome. |
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What is a saphylococcal disease that originates by infection in a hair follicle?
The infection spreads and a boil or BLANK forms. If the infection is deep seated and involves several abscessed hair follicles it could form a BLANK which is hot and painful. Carbuncles usually form on the upper BLANK and BLANK. Cure is BLANK BLANK. |
Furunculosis
furuncle carbuncle carbuncle; back and neck surgical drainage |
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What is a skin disease caused by S. pyogenes that leads to St. Anthony’s Fire?
Why is it called St. Anthony's Fire? |
Erysipelas
because of bright red patches appear on the skin. |
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What is a secondary skin infection caused by S. pyogenes and S. aureus?
This disease begins as a small BLANK containing clear fluid that becomes a small BLANK. These rupture and then become BLANK, and are highly BLANK. The infection than can spread to other body parts. |
Impetigo
vesicle; pustule encrusted; infectious |
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What is a skin disease where skin's lesions look like scalding by boiling water? What causes it?
The layers of the epidermis are peeled off as a consequence of BLANK. This disease occurs in BLANK and BLANK under the age of 4. A staphylococcal exotoxin, BLANK, is responsible for the BLANK of this disease. |
Scalded skin syndrome; S. aureus
necrosis infants and children exofoliatin; pathogenesis |
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Hansen's disease, described in 1874, is also known as BLANK.
What is the the acid fast rod shaped microbe that causes the disease? How is it spread? How long is the incubation period? |
Leprosy
Mycobacterium leprae through a cut or direct skin to skin contact Grow slowly: the incubation period is 3 to 5 years, but may be 20 to 40 years |
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BLANK BLANK, which shows as an early lesion, consists of BLANK BLANK with a small number of bacteria.
In 75% of these cases, leprosy is BLANK BLANK with no further progression. The other cases results in the BLANK BLANK, where there are disfiguring lesions inside BLANK cells (macrophages with large amounts of mycobacteria and foamy cytoplasm). It is the classic BLANK face with loose skin and loss of digits. |
Indeterminate leprosy; hypopigmented macules
self healing lepromatous phase; lepra; lion face |
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What is a emerging infectious disease that came from Africa, to Caribbean, and is now in FL?
How is it spread? What are the symptoms? How many cases every year? |
dengue fever
Mosquito; Flu like but also hemorrhagic 50 million cases every year |
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What phase in leprosy results in few lepra cells and bacteria? The skin lesions are large, flattened, and BLANK and there is a loss of BLANK in affected areas.
What phase is the intermediate phase between lepromatous and tuberculoid phases? Leprosy cannot be cultured so it's grown in BLANK and BLANK How many cases worldwide? What is treatment? |
Tuberculoid phase; granulomatous; sensation
Borderline phase armadilloes and mice 15-20 million cases; rifampin |
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What is an opportunistic pathogen associated with burn victims?
Produces a number of extracellular factors and has BLANK BLANK. Gram BLANK rod with a polar BLANK; oxidase BLANK. |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
antimicrobial resistance negative; flagellum; positive |
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What are obligate intracellular parasites transmitted by arthropods (rats, body louse, lice, fleas, ticks and mites)?
Following BLANK BLANK of the skin, the parasites proliferate in BLANK cells and cause widespread lesions. What is a specific illness? Spread how? Symptoms? |
Rickettsia
direct inoculation; endothelial Rocky mtn spotted fever; spread through ticks; flu like symptom. |
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What causes Lyme disease?
Disease demonstrates a disease skin rash that looks like a BLANK BLANK. How is Lyme spread? What are some symptoms? How is it treated? |
Borrelia burgdorferi
“bull’s eye” The disease is spread via the deer tick, up to 80% of these ticks in the US are infected. Fever, fatigue, headache, and arthritis are the symptoms; Treated with tetracycline |
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What are the 2 functions of the genitourinary system in humans?
The male urethra is normally free of bacteria. The female urethra short and near the anal and vaginal openings so it has BLANK BLANK BLANK. This plays a role in BLANKs in females. BLANK can help, or antibiotics. |
1. collecting, concentrating, and excreting wastes; regulating the concentrations of body fluids and electrolytes.
2. Producing gametes for propagation in the male, and supporting the embryo in the female. extensive normal flora UTIs; Probiotics |
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What is the most common cause of UTI’s?
What are the 2 categories of UTI's? Describe each. BLANK is presence of bacteria in the urine and may reflect the above diseases. Urines obtained from a clean catch with greater than BLANK# bacteria/ml are considered a BLANK. |
Escherichia coli
1. Cystitis: bladder infection. 2. Pyelonephritis: kidney infection. Bacteriuria 100,000 bacteria/ml; bacteriuria |
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What are infectious diseases of the genital tract that sexually transmitted?
They are not confined to the genital tract may appear elsewhere such as... What are 3 microbes that cause these diseases? |
STD's
oral cavity, anus, conjunctiva, and skin. c. trachomatis, h. ducreyi, n. gonorrhoeae, etc. |
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--Gonorrhea card 1--
Gonorrhea was described by Neisser in 1879 and is caused by BLANK BLANK; originally in 130AD as flow of seed. The microbe is a Gram BLANK, BLANK, and diploBLANK and transmitted through BLANK BLANK. The bacteria attach to BLANK BLANK via pili, where it causes BLANK. The microbe produces an BLANK BLANK which helps with pathogenesis. This is an BLANK that would normally help stop diseases. |
Neisseria gonorrhea
negative, aerobic, and diplococcus; sexual contact mucosal epithelium; inflammation IgA protease; immunoglobulin |
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--Gonorrhea card 2--
Symptoms: 1. males: BLANK discharge and pain on urination. 2. Females: they are usually BLANK because of the short urethra but if untreated may lead to BLANK. Gonorrhea is treated with penicillin, but there are penicillinase producing strains called BLANKS that appeared in 1976 from SE Asia. It is the BLANK# transmitted after chlamydia; BLANK million cases in US every year. |
1. purulent discharge
2. asymptomatic; PID penicillin; PPNGs #2 transmitted; 1 million |
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Syphills is less frequent than gonorrhea, but is more serious and potentially BLANK.
It is caused by BLANK BLANK, a BLANK. Describe the 3 stages of Syphillis |
fatal
Treponema pallidum, a spirochete 1. Primary stage: appearance of a chancre, at the site of inoculation, usually 2-3 weeks post exposure. 2. Secondary stage: a general skin rash, low grade fever, lesions in body organs. Both of these stages are contagious. 3. Tertiary stage, several yrs after initial appearance of the disease |
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What are 2 specific types of syphillis that occur in the tertiary stage?
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1. serious dermal lesions: gummas
2. neurological syphillis: tabes dorsalis, which is an invasion of the central nervous system. |
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What is inflammation of the urethra not caused by N. gonorrhoeae called?
What two bacteria cause it? These strains are sometimes difficult to BLANK and BLANK in the lab. |
Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU)
These are caused by Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum (this one is worst especially in pregnant females). isolate and cultivate |
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What disease was first described in 1978 and caused by S. aureus?
What lead to it occurring? What are the symptoms and treatment? |
Toxic Shock Syndrome/TSST
Superabsorbent tampons seemed to be involved. Fevers, mental probs, organ failure; antibiotic to treat. |
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--AIDS card 1--
What disease was first described in 1981 with 2 immunodeficiency viruses involved? Name the two. Came from BLANK/BLANK of chimps hunted in African bush. Came to US from patient zero who was a Canadian BLANK BLANK who came to SF. HIV-1 is an enveloped BLANK with BLANK genome. This virus lives inside of CD4 containing BLANK BLANK aka BLANK BLANK cells. |
Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)/HIV; HIV-1, HIV-2.
blood/meat flight attendant retrovirus; ssRNA T lymphocytes; T helper |
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--AIDS card 2--
Inside the host cell it becomes an integrated BLANK. BLANK to HIV do not stop the progression of the disease. Some people have a BLANK. Drugs used to treat HIV include BLANK, an reverse transcriptase inhibitor. But overall there is a BLANK # drug approach |
provirus
Antibodies resistance AZT 3 |
