Microbiology Lecture 2: Cell Morphology And Microscopy

Front 1

What is the size range for bacteria?

Back 1

0.2 to 2.0 micro meters in diameter, 1 to 6 micro meters in length.

Front 2

How have humans death changed over time?

Back 2

They have moved from infectious diseases to long term diseases

Front 3

What are prions? Name an example

Back 3

Prions are infectious proteins in the brain that can change form

Ex: mad cow disease

Front 4

What are the four basic morphologies of bacterial cells?

Back 4

1. Cocci - spherical
2. Bacilli - rod shaped
3. Sprilla/spirochetes - spiral shaped
4. Vibrios - comma shaped

Front 5

What is an example of sprilla that causes liver disease? How it is transmitted?

Back 5

1. Leptospira

2. Transmitted through rodents

Front 6

How are coccal shapes arranged? (3)

Back 6

1. Pairs - diplo
2. Chains - strepto
3. Clusters - staphylo

Front 7

What are short bacilli called?

What about club or dumbbell shaped bacilli?

Back 7

1. Coccobacillary

2. Coryneform

Front 8

What are the major groups of prokaryotic cells?

What is the makeup of prokaryotic cell walls?

Back 8

1. Bacteria and blue green algae

2. Peptidoglycans, lipids, and proteins

Front 9

Do prokaryotes have a nuclear membrane?

Describe prokaryotic chromosomes?

Do they have histones?

Back 9

1. No

2. Single, closed circular DS DNA

3. No

Front 10

What is the ploidy of prokaryotes?

Describe how their DNA replicates and related processes

Back 10

1. Haploid

2. Prokaryotes use transcription and translation. It is continuous with mRNA and polyribosome formation.

Front 11

How long on average do prokaryotic cells live?

What is the ribosomal makeup of prokaryotes in their cytosplasm?

Back 11

1. 20 to 40 minutes

2. Ribosomal subunits are 50s and 30s; together it is 70s

Front 12

Do prokaryotic cells have mitochondria and golgi complexes in their cytoplasm?

Back 12

No

Front 13

Are triglyceride fats or endoplasmic reticulum present in prokaryotic cytoplasm?

Back 13

No

Front 14

Do prokaryotic cells have a cytoplasmic membrane?

Do they contain sterols?

Back 14

1. Yes

2. No. Only sterols are found in mycoplasma.

Front 15

How do prokaryotic cells move?

How do they generate energy?

Back 15

1. Simple flagella

2. Cytoplasmic membrane associated

Front 16

Do prokaryotes have sexual reproduction?

What are the 3 forms of genetic recombination they use?

Back 16

No

1. Transformation: taking up nucleic acid (DNA)
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation through conjugation bridge

Front 17

When did prokaryotic cells first appear?

What came before them?

Back 17

3.5 billion years ago

Archaea probably came first

Front 18

What are the major groups of eukaryotic cells?

Do they have cell walls?

Back 18

1. Algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, and animals

2. Usually absent, but plants contain chitin or cellulose

Front 19

Do eukaryotics have a nuclear membrane?

Describe their chromosomes

Do they have histones?

Back 19

1. Yes

2. Multiple, linear chromosomes

3. Yes

Front 20

What is the ploidy of eukaryotic cells?

Describe eukaryotic DNA replication

Back 20

1. Diploid, but fungi are haploid

2. Transcription/translation, discontinuous, long lived mRNA transcribed in the nucleus and translated in the cytoplasm.

Front 21

Describe the ribosomal subunits present in eukaryotic cytoplasm

Back 21

60s + 40s subunit, together 80s

Front 22

Besides ribosomes, what are the five other components of eukaryotic cytoplasm?

Which one contains phospholipids and sterols?

Back 22

1. Mitochondria
2. Golgi complex
3. Endoplasmic reticulum
4. Cytoplasmic membrane, present, phospholipids and sterols
5. Triglyceride fats

Front 23

How do eukaryotic cells move?

How is their energy generated?

Back 23

1. They move through complex flagella, pseuopodia, and locomotor organs

2. Energy is generated through mitochondria

Front 24

Do eukaryotes have sexual reproduction?

Describe their recombination/gene exchange

Back 24

1. Yes

2. Haploid germ cells form diploid zygote through meiosis

Front 25

When did eukaryotes first appear?

Describe their evolution

Back 25

Appeared 1.5 billion years ago

Evolved through endosymbiosis
-engulfed bacteria that became mitochondria and/or engulfed bacteria that become chloroplasts

Front 26

There are 8 methods to characterize microorganisms. List them (LOLZ)

Back 26

1. Cellular morphology, size, shape and arrangement.
2. Staining characteristics.
3. Motility
4. Growth characteristics (temperature, pH)
5. Biochemical characteristics (physiology)
6. Serological tests, detection of antigens on cell walls. (antibodies)
7. Analysis of metabolic end products.
8. Genetic analysis, genomic sequence, or 16s rRNA or PCR reactions.

Front 27

What are the three domains microorganisms are classified in?

Back 27

Archaea

Bacteria

Eukarya

Front 28

What is the simple stain? Who developed it?

Back 28

Robert Koch developed the simple stain using methylene blue; has positive charge which sticks to negatively charged cell envelope

Front 29

What is an example of a differential stain? What does it do and who developed it?

Back 29

An example is the Gram stain. It differentiates bacteria into gram positive and gram negative.

Developed by Hans Christian Gram.

Front 30

What are three types of microbrial staining besides simple and Gram?

Back 30

Special, spore stain, and acid fast stain

Front 31

Gram positive cell wall is BLANK, while Gram negative is BLANK.

Back 31

Thick

Thin

Front 32

BLANK BLANK is a gram positive rod that produces spores

What color does it stain?

Back 32

bacillus anthracis

Green

Front 33

How do we know eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes?

Back 33

Since both use nucleic acids as hereditary material, both use the same 20 amino acids, and both use D sugars and L amino acids