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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
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In oxidative phosphorylation, converting the pyruvate into BLANK and it entering the BLANK/BLANK/BLANK cycle could increase the ATP yield to BLANK ATP
The electrons released are sent to the ETC. What can the final acceptor be (3 things)? Pseudomonas can use which two? What is the reaction equation for oxidative phosphorylation? |
Acetyl-CoA; Kreb's/Citric/TCA; 38
Oxygen, NO3, or SO4; Pseudomonas can use O2 or NO3 Acetyl CoA + OAA --> citrate; yield: 38ATP |
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One glucose molecule results in 2 turns of the BLANK cycle. Many products are made from the conversion of BLANK into BLANK.
The energy liberated in the TCA cycle is conserved in... ATP in this cycle is generated via... |
TCA; pyruvate into acetyl-CoA
reduced cofactors substrate level phosphorylation |
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What is the key allosteric enzyme in the TCA cycle?
What regulates the enzyme in gram negative bacteria? What about gram positive? |
Key allosteric enzyme is citrate synthase
Gram negative: inhibition of citrate is caused by high conc of NADH and alpha ketogluterate In gram positive, inhibition of citrate is caused by high conc of ATP |
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Where is the ETC located in prokyaryotes? In eukaryotes?
Electrons from BLANK, and BLANK are transported in the chain through a set of carriers. Name some carriers in the ETC (6 things) |
plasma membrane of prokaryotes; mitochondria in eukaryotes
NADH + H+ and FADH2 1. Pyridine nucleotide: NADH, 2. flavoproteins like FAD. 3. Quinones like Coenzyme Q or aka ubiquinone. 4. Fe-S proteins (complexed with 4 cysteine residues.) 5. Cytochromes b, c, and a 6.Oxygen |
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What is the diagnostic test to differentiate bacteria which lack the enzyme cytochrome oxidase c?
Which bacteria lack the enzyme? Which have it? A disk for a positive test is BLANK colors (oxidized); a negative test is BLANK (not oxidized) |
Oxidase Test
Enteric bacteria lack the enzyme; Pseudomonas and Neisseria have it. Dark blue/purple; colorless |
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BLANK, or proton motive force, describes ATP synthesis during electron transport.
Electron carriers pump protons (H+), outside the cell, which... Protons which reenter via ATPases release the energy that is coupled to... Who discovered the proton pump? |
Chemiosmosis
establishes the gradient. synthesis of ATP. Mitchell |
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How was it shown that ATP synthesis occured through the proton pump?
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Uncouplers were chemical agents that were used to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation aka electron transport.
ET occurred with uncouplers BUT no proton gradient is established, energy released is lost as heat and not conserved as ATP. |
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What are the 3 inhibitors of electron transport? (hint: ACA) Describe 2 of them
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1. Amobarbital
2. Cyanide: blocks electron transport at cytochrome A 3. Antimycin A: blocks electron transport between B and C |
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What are 2 inhibitors of phosphorylation? Describe one of them (hint: starts with O)
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1. Atractyloside
2. Oligomycin: inhibits ATPase |
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Aerobic respiration involves BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK and can make as much as BLANK ATP.
Fermentation involves conversion of glucose to BLANK and BLANK and makes BLANK ATP. |
glycolysis, TCA, and electron transport; 38 ATP
ethanol and CO2; 2 ATP |
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Anaerobic respiration using NO3 (nitrate) is seen in BLANK and BLANK.
Nitrate is reduced to nitrogen gas (N2) through... In anaerobic respiration, less ATP is produced. How much? What does this do to microbial generation time? |
Bacillus and Pseudomonas.
denitrification Produces 25 ATP; extends generation time by a minute or so |
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What are bacteria that oxidize reduced inorganic compounds for energy, like S, or N?
How much ATP do they generate using S2O3 (thiosulfate), SO4 (sulfate), S^2- (sulfide)? How do they get carbon? What are two microbes that use nitrogen? Where are they found? What can they make? |
Chemolithotrophs
1 to 6 ATP; get carbon from dark reactions nitrobacter and nitrosomonas; found in acid runoff or drainage and make copper ore |
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Luminescent bacteria use the enzyme bacterial BLANK bioluminescent oxidation. Name an example.
What 2 things is luminescence used for? |
bacterial luciferase
Ex: Photobacterium, live near the eye of the Flashlight fish. Ward off predators and cell to cell communication by pathogens in biofilm to regulate their growth. |
