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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some high energy compounds (5)?
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate Acetyl CoA 1,3 diphosphoglycerate Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) |
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What is a molecule that results in a free energy change greater than -7.0 kcal/mole after hydrolysis?
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High Energy Molecules
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How do bacteria obtain their energy?
Bacteria vary between BLANK and BLANK |
Oxidation of chemical compounds.
catabolism and anabolism |
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Metabolism consists of catabolism and anabolism. Define each. What media is anabolism associated with?
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catabolism, breakdown of chemical compounds.
Anabolism, the process associated with biosynthesis of chemicals (buildup) Anabolism is associated with synthetic media (i.e. in distilled water) |
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Metabolism has importance in the BLANK BLANK and for the BLANK of bacterial pathogens in the clinical laboratory.
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industrial process
identification |
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What are ways to synthesize ATP in the bacterial cell?
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Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation Substrate level phosphorylation |
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In BLANK BLANK, ATP is synthesized when electrons are transferred through a series of carriers, via redox reactions.
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Oxidative phosphorylation
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Chemiosmosis
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how ATP is made
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What is the process called where similar transfer of electrons through a series of carriers, once the electrons initially leave an excited pigment?
What else does it involve? How is ATP produced? |
Photophosphorylation
Involves cyclical phosphorylation; P870 Chemiosmosis again to make ATP |
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Describe substrate level phosphorylation
What is the equation? |
Phosphate is added to a organic compound, ie ADP + PO4, which is from Phosphoenol pyruvate = ATP. The transfer is from an organic compound
ADP + P. PEP --> ATP |
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What are the 3 pathways of substrate level phosphorylation?
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Fermentation, an organic substrate is the electron donor, and becomes reduced. Fermentation does not require oxygen.
Aerobic Respiration, an external electron acceptor is required for substrate utilization. Usually results in greater amounts of ATP produced. Anaerobic respiration, inorganic compounds can serve as the final electron acceptor, ie nitrate becomes nitrite. |
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What is a glycolytic pathway that produces ATP which occurs via substrate level phosphorylation?
What are the starting and ending products? What is the overall reaction scheme? |
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway
the splitting of the glucose molecule into 2 molecules of pyruvate with the net production of 2 ATP’s and 2 NADH + H+. glucose to pyruvate to ATP (2 in, 4 out, overall 2) |
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What is the key allosteric enzyme in the Embden-Meyerhof Pathway?
How is it turned on? |
phosphofructokinase
Enzyme is turned on by high conc of ADP and AMP |
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Besides Embden-Meyerhof, what are three other glycolytic pathways? What did they evolve from?
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Entner-Doudoroff pathway
-evolved from glycolysis Pentose phosphate pathway -evolved from glycolysis Phosphoketolase pathway |
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What is the alternative pathway for the breakdown of glucose discovered in the pseudomonads? Where else is it also seen?
What are the two key enzymes? What is the overall reaction equation? |
Entner-Doudoroff pathway; rhizobium
Key enzymes: 6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3 deoxy-6-phosphogluconate aldolase. Overall reaction: Glucose +NADP+ + NAD + ADP + Pi→ 2 pyruvate + NADPH + H+ + NADH + H+ + ATP. |
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What is the Pentose Phosphate pathway? Why is it important?
Where is it seen? What is the key enzyme? |
This pathway is a shunt of glycolysis, results in the manufacture of NADPH + H+.
This pathway is important for the production of C5 sugars. Seen in lactic acid bacteria Key enzyme: ribose-5-phosphate |
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What is the pathway found in certain bacteria associated with foods, Bifidobacterium and Leuconostoc?
What is the overall reaction? What does this pathway generate? What is the key enzyme? |
Phosphoketolase pathway
Overall reaction, Glucose + ADP + Pi→ pyruvate + ethanol + CO2 + ATP. NADPH + H+ Key enzyme: phosphoketolase |
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B. fidobacterium is a BLANK that produces BLANK which along with lactic acid gives yogurt its flavor.
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probiotic
acetaldehyde |
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Lactic acid bacteria reduce BLANK to lactate. What are the 2 types of lactate producing bacteria?
How much ATP made by homofermentation and heterofermentation? |
pyruvate
homofermentative and heterofermentative Homofermentation: 2 ATP produced Heterofermentation: 1 ATP produced |
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Homofermentative lactic acid bacteria produce BLANK from BLANK, whereas heterofermentative produces BLANK, BLANK, BLANK, acetate, and formate from BLANK.
Example of homo? Of Hetero? What enzyme makes the difference between these groups? Which group has it? |
lactic acid; glucose
lactate, ethanol, CO2; glucose Ex homo: lactococci and streptococcus thermophilus Ex hetero: lactobacillus and leuconostoc fructose 1,6- diphosphate aldolase; found in homofermentative bacteria |
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Pyruvate degradation
Ethanol and CO2 can be produced through BLANK BLANK as seen in yeasts. What are two examples? |
Pyruvate degradation
Ex: s. cerevisiae (baker's yeast) and fermented corn starch |
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Pyruvate degradation
BLANK ferment BLANK to propionate, acetate and CO2. The BLANK is the flavor of swiss cheese and the BLANK becomes the holes in the cheese. BLANK also inhibits mold and provides a cheesy flavor |
Propionibacterium; lactate
propionate; CO2 propionate |
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Pyruvate degradation
In Clostridium, BLANK is converted into BLANK which is converted into BLANK, this can be converted into acetate, ethanol, butanol isopropanol, or butyrate. |
glucose; pyruvate; Acetyl-CoA
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Pyruvate degradation
In BLANK BLANK fermentation, in certain Gram negative bacteria, pyruvate is degraded into different products that results in the production of lactate, ethanol, acetate, CO2 and H2. This forms the basis of what bacterial ID test? In BLANK fermentation, it results in the production of lactate, succinate, acetate in smaller quantities, also butanediol, ethanol, CO2 and H2. This forms the basis of what bacterial ID test? |
Mixed acid fermentation; MR test (methyl red test)
Butanediol fermentation; V-P test (Voges-Proskauer test) |
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In mixed acid fermentation, the products are more BLANK, while in butanediol fermentation, the products are more BLANK
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acidic
neutral |
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In the methyl red test, a positive result has a pH less than BLANK and a BLANK color, while a negative results in a pH greater than BLANK and is BLANK in color.
What bacteria is MR +? |
5; red
5.5; yellow E. coli |
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The V-P test is used to ID butanediol fermenters by detecting the presence of BLANK
Name an example and where it's found |
acetoin
enterobacter found in soil and reptile fecal matter |
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Pasteur found that oxygen can make a facultative anaerobe like an alcoholic yeast produce more CO2 per mole of glucose and grow at a faster rate, but also found two downsides as well. What are they?
What is this effect called? Why does it occur? |
Pasteur discovered the rate of CO2 evolution and glucose utilization decreases.
Pasteur effect This is because allosteric inhibition of Phosphofructokinase by ATP; more ATP is produced through glycolysis & respiration than by fermentation (EM pathway) |
