Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the purpose of the immune system?
|
1. To recognize pathogens
2. To kill pathogens |
|
|
What are the types of pathogenic organisms?
|
Bacteria
Fungi Parasites Viruses |
|
|
What two classes of immunity are present in the body?
|
Innate
Adaptive |
|
|
What is an antigen? How is it identified?
|
Anything foreign that is recognized by the immune system.
Recognition is mediated through binding of the antigen to T cell or B cell receptors |
|
|
What are T lymphocytes matured?
|
In the thymus
|
|
|
What cells produce critical growth factors for the proliferation of immune cells?
|
T helper lymphocytes
|
|
|
What cells can kill virally infected or intracellular bacteria infected cells?
|
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
|
|
|
What is the role of TCRs?
|
T cell receptors for antigens are present on T cells and can recognize partially digested antigens presented by antigen presenting cells
|
|
|
How are T cells different from one another?
|
All have different TCRs
|
|
|
Where are B lymphocytes generated and matured?
|
In the bone marrow, they do not need maturation elsewhere in the body
|
|
|
What types of antigens can B cells recognize?
|
Proteins
Carbohydrates Lipids Even synthetic chemicals |
|
|
How do B cells respond once stimulated?
|
Secrete antibodies
|
|
|
How is each B cell unique?
|
Each has a different antibody attached to its membrane as its B cell receptor for antigen. Almost every B cel is different
|
|
|
B and T cells are a part of the _____ immune system.
|
Adaptive
|
|
|
What antigen-specific receptors are present on the NK cell?
|
None. They are non-specific.
|
|
|
What non-specific cell is from the myeloid series and can ingest and kill bacteria?
|
Neutrophils
|
|
|
What types of cell make up the APCs?
|
Macrophages and dendritic cells
|
|
|
APCs present antigens to which cells?
|
T cells (CD8+)
|
|
|
What molecular mediators can be found in plasma?
|
Complement proteins
C reactive protein Antibodies |
|
|
Where are complement proteins and C reactive protein made?
|
In the liver
|
|
|
What is innate immunity?
|
A naturally occurring, pre-formed, always present system of immunity. It is the initial response to pathogens.
|
|
|
What is the key to recognition in the innate immune system?
|
Patterns shared by pathogenic species, such as complex surface bound polysaccharides
|
|
|
How long does it take for innate immunity to take effect?
|
Immediate (within hours)
|
|
|
What is adaptive immunity?
|
It is induced and acquired only after exposure to a particular pathogen. Is the result of a specific antigen causing specific recognition.
|
|
|
How long does it take for adaptive immunity to take effect?
|
Days (>5)
|
|
|
What is immune system memory?
|
A result of the adaptive immune system and can last years to a lifetime.
|
|
|
What cells make up the Innate response?
|
NK cells
Macrophages Neutrophils |
|
|
What immune cells can kill virally infected cells?
|
NK cells
|
|
|
What are the innate molecular mediators?
|
Complement plasma proteins
C reactive protein |
|
|
What cells make up the adaptive immune response?
|
B and T cells
|
|
|
What are the molecular mediators and products of the adaptive immune system?
|
antibodies
|
|
|
What is the difference between cellular and humoral immunity?
|
Cellular immunity can be transferred from one animal to another via the transfer of immune cells.
Humoral immunity can be transferred from one animal to another via the transfer of antibodies alone. |
|
|
What are the phases of immunity?
|
1. Recognition
2. Induction of mediators 3. Effector phase 4. Memory phase |
|
|
How does an NK cell kill?
|
With cytotoxic granules
|
|
|
How do NK cells recognize infected cells?
|
Via MICA and MICB surface protein expression
|
|
|
Describe the role of a CTL.
|
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are adaptive effectors that can increase the killing of virally infected cells.
They lack cytotoxic granules before exposure to antigen. |
|
|
What type of antigens are recognized by CTLs?
|
viral peptides
|
|
|
Describe the primary adaptive response.
|
The small subset of T cells that recognize a specific antigen will divide and proliferate, acquire cytotoxic granules, and become killer cells.
|
|
|
How is immunity maintained for longe periods after the initial exposure?
|
The body will develop memory T cells following the exposure, to prevent re-infection by the same virus. They are dormant, without granules, until re-infection.
|
|
|
How do T helper cells mediate intracellular bacterial infections?
|
Induce cells to produce toxins to disrupt resident bacteria.
|
|
|
How are extracellular bacterial infections controlled?
|
via specific antibodies produced by B cells.
|
|
|
Where can you find antibodies?
|
In blood plasma.
|
|
|
What cells are capable to producing long term immunity via memory cells?
|
B cells
T cells |
|
|
How do antibodies increase or produce immunity?
|
Increase neutrophil activity
|
