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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Worms do what?
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infect
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Nematodes?
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roundworms
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cestodes?
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flatworms
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Trematodes?
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flukes
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Ectoparasite examples?
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lice, scabies
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roundworms look like?
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earthworms
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Intestinal roundworms infect by?
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egg ingestion, larvae tissue penetration, cyst ingestion
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Tissue roundworms infect by?
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insect vector and larvae, ingested larvae
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Enterobiasis vermicularis aka?
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pinworms
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E. vermicularis infects where?
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skin, anal region, sometimes vagina
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Enterobiasis symptoms?
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anal itching, N/V possible
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Treatment of Enterobiasis?
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Mebendazole, Pyrantel pamoate, bleach bedding and clothes
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Scotch tape prep done when?
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2-3 hours after bedtime before bowel movement
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Whip-like worms with barrel shaped eggs?
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Trichuriasis aka whipworm
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Trichuriasis eggs mature where?
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in the soil
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Trichuriasis eggs resemble?
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tray with 2 handles, lemon, or barrel
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Whipworm does what in intestine?
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sews itself into mucosa
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Whipworm symptoms?
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nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rectal prolapse, malnutrution, weight loss
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Treatment for Whipworm?
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Mebendazole and pyrantel pamoate for moderate to heavy infections
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Most common helminth worldwide?
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Ascaris lumbricoides
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Infection of Ascariasis?
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as person ingests, eggs go to lungs, cough and swallow, and larvae go to GI
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Symptoms of Ascaris larvae in lungs?
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pneumonia, eosinophilia, fever, cough, dyspnea, seen in lung X-ray
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Symptoms of Ascaris worm?
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malnutrition, colicky epigastric or periumbilical pain, bolus, blockage
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A. lumbricoides eggs?
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dark with bumpy protrusions
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Treat ascariasis with?
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mebendazole or pyrantal pamoate for adult worm only
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Most common multiple roundworm infection?
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ascaris, trichuris, hookworm
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Cats and puppies carry?
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ascaris
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Visceral larval migrans?
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cat/dog ascarid infection, wanders through GI causing inflammation
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Treatment of visceral larval migrans?
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thiabendazole, corticosteroid, counseling
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Geophagia?
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eating dirt
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pica?
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need to eat dirt/earth
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hypochromic anemia?
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RBC have low color
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hookworm looks like?
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round ghost with sharp teeth
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Infection of hookworm?
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skin penetration by larva, enters blood, goes to lungs, coughed and swallowed, goes to small intestine and hooks
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Symptoms of hookworm larvae?
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itch, bloody sputum, cough
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Filariform larva?
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infectious form of larvae
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difference between hookworm and others?
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infected by filariform larva instead of eggs
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Symptoms of hookworm?
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microcytic hypochromic anemia, Kwashiorkor
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Treatment of hookworm?
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mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate, iron replacement
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Hookworm egg looks like?
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transparent egg
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Dog/Cat hookworm called?
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Ancylostoma braziliense
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Cutaneous larva migrans symptoms?
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intense skin itch, creeping eruption, intense inflammatino
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Cutaneous larva migrans looks like?
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red lines on area
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can get cutaneus larva migrans from?
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the beach where dogs visit
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Treat CLM?
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thiabendazole oral or topical, anti-histamines
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Strongyloidasis stercoralis associated with?
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corticosteroid-treated, immunosuppressed patients
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S. stercoralis symptoms?
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usually unnoticed, epigastric pain and tenderness, vomiting, diarrhea, mimics peptic ulcer
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Loeffler's syndrome?
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cough and inflammation in the lungs
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S. stercoralis diagnosis?
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larvae in stool or sputum, stained by iodine
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3 ways to get S. stercoralis infection?
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autoinfection, indirect, direct
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Autoinfection of S. stercoralis?
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eggs mature in the patient
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indirect infection of stercoralis?
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filariform larvae in soil penetrates skin
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Direct infection of stercoralis?
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eggs mature on perianal folds or ingest eggs
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Treatment of strongyloidiasis?
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thiabendazole, mebendazole, health monitoring
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Mortality high for?
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cancer patients, transplant recipients
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Trichinella spiralis looks like?
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groups of swirling cysts in muscle
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Trichinosis symptoms?
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myalgia, flu-like, diarrhea, facial edema, conjunctiva, myocarditis, eosinophilia,
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Trichinosis found in?
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undercooked bear or pork meat
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Treatment of trichinosis?
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thiabendazole, corticosteroid therapy
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trichinosis NOT killed by?
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microwave, smoking meat, drying meat
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Trichinosis IS killed by?
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quick or long-term freezing
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Differential diagnosis clues for trichinosis?
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bear meat, muscle pain, no eggs
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Eosinophilia indicates?
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allergies or worms
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Elephantiasis caused by?
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brugia mafayi and wuchereria bancrofti
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Elephantiasis
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edema of legs, intense itching, enlarged lymph nodes, thickened and rubbery skin, tender red lump in femoral area, recurrent fever
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Elephantiasis found where?
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africa, latin america, pacific islands, caribbean
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Elephantiasis transmitted by?
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mosquitos
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Need _______ for disease?
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repeated infections
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Adult elephantiasis found in?
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lymphatics of arms, legs, or groin
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Elephantiasis causes?
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blockage of lymphatics, abscesses, inflammation
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when to take blood from Elephantiasis?
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at night when worms move in bloodstream
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Treatment of Elephantiasis?
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*Diethylcarbamazine*, Ivermectin, surgery, anti-histamines, steroids
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River blindness symptoms?
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chronic conjunctivitis, sclerosing keratitis,
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Onchocerciasis aka?
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River blindness, Oncocerca volvulus
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River blindness found where?
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Africa, mainly Congo, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Latin America
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O. volvulus caused by?
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Similum damnosum fly (black fly)
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Treatment of river blindness?
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surgical removal of nodules, ivermectin, doxycycline (controversial)
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ivermectin?
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suppresses dermal and ocular microfilariae...drug for
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Symptoms of river blindness?
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fever, subcutaneous nodules, blindness, skin nodules
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Loaisis aka?
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Loa loa
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loa loa transpitted by?
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Mango fly
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loaisis symptoms?
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calabar knee (swelling), worms in eye
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Dracunulinsis mediensis aka?
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dragon or guinea worm
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D. mediensis infection?
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from contaminated water, releases eggs when wet
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Removal of D. mediensis?
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match stick winding removal after exposing to water (worm will come out)
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Symptoms of D. mediensis?
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abscess formation around infection site
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Treatment of D. mediensis?
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Niridazole, metronidazole, thiabendazole, stick winding, surgery, clean water
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Fish tape worm species?
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Diphylobothrium latum
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D. latum found in?
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sushi, raw freshwater fish
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D. latum infection cycle?
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snail eats worm, fish eats snail, human eats fish
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D. latum especially found in what fish?
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pike, carnivorous fish
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Symptoms of D. latum?
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low B12, megaloblastic pernicious anemia, weight loss, intestinal pain
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Treatment of D. latum?
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vitamin supplement, praziquantel, niclosamide, cook fish!
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Most common tapeworm in US?
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Hymenolepis nana
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H. nana cyticercoid larvae found in what food?
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contaminated grain and flour
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H. nana egg looks like?
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hookworm egg only more spherical
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symptoms of H. nana?
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nausea, abdominal pain, weakness, headache, itchy bottom
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Treatment of H. nana?
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praziquantel or niclosamide
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Cattle associated with?
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Taenia saginata
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Pigs associated with?
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Taenia solium
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T. saginata and T. solium cycle?
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cattle/pigs eat eggs, eggs develop into cysts, cysts go to muscle, humans eat meat, keep adults and excrete eggs
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Beef tapeworm hosts?
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humans are only hosts
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Symptoms of T. saginata?
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asymptomatic, lives inside human from up to 25 yrs, 15m long...can get weight loss, anxiety
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Diagnosis of T. saginata?
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identify scolex or proglottid
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Treatment of T. saginata?
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niclosamide
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human ingests T. solium egg?
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transforms to cyst, can calcify and go to brain or other tissues
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human ingests T. solium adult worm?
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benign
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Cysticercosis symptoms?
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intense inflammation, muscle pain, meningoencephalitis, ocular cysticercosis
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Diagnosis of cysticercosis?
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on autopsy, can see calcified cysts, identify proglottid or scolex
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Treatment of cysticercosis?
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anticonvulsants, surgery, steroids, praziquantel/albendazole, cook meat thoroughly
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Hydatid disease caused by?
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Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis
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Hosts of hydatid disease?
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dogs, wolves
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Hydatid disease causes?
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development of cyst in body, can be as big as golf ball or basketball
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Anaphylaxis caused by?
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rupture of cyst in surgery or trauma
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treatment of Echinococciasis?
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mebendazole, albendazol, wash hands, surgery if possible
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Opisthorchis (Clonorchis) sinensis aka?
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Oriental liver fluke
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O. sinensis associated with?
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adenocarcinoma
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Symptoms of O. sinensis?
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progressive liver dysfunction, granuloma formation
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Paragonimus westermani aka?
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lung fluke
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P. westermani found in?
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encysted crabs or crawfish
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P. westermani likes to go where in the body?
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right side of the brain, inflammation around old worm site
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P. westermani mimics?
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TB
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*Schistosoma spp. distinction?
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lateral spike in egg, like spade
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Schistosoma spp found as?
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a pair (M&F) and constantly release eggs
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Humans infected by Schistosoma spp how?
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swimming in infected water
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Schistosomiasis symptoms?
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great hepatosplenomegaly,
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Schistomiasis and immune system?
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eggs elicit great immune response, worms do not
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Katayama's syndrome?
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fever, cough, chills, urticaria (hives), arthralgia (joint pain)
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S. mansoni eggs?
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lateral spike like spade
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S. mansoni found?
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inferior mesenteric veins
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S. japonicum eggs?
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small lateral spine or knob
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S. japonicum found?
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superior mesenteric veins
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S. hematobium eggs?
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prominent terminal spine
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S. hematobium found?
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vesical veins of bladder and rectal muscles
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Treatment of Schistosoma spp?
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praziquantel, antihistamines, corticosteroids
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Treatment of S. mansoni?
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oxaminiquine
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Centipedes?
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neurotoxic venom, occasional necrotic wound
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Sucking lice?
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"the crabs" or louse
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Myiasis?
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infestation with fly larvae (maggots), like decomposing matter, sores
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Myiasis treatment?
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surgical removal
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Head lice?
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Pediculus humanus var capitus
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Body lice?
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Pediculus humanus var humanus
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Crab lice found?
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toilet seats, contaminated clothes
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Crab lice cause?
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intense itching, secondary skin lectures
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Crab lice treatment?
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gamma benzene hexachloride or copper oleate
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Tick paralysis caused by?
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Dermocenter andersoni
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Tick paralysis symptoms?
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flaccid paralysis, fever, toxemia
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Black widow spider causes?
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muscle cramps, chest pain, nausea, vision problems, local redness and burning
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Black widow spider toxin?
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alpha-latroxin: non-hemolytic, neurotoxic
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Black Widow alpha-latrotoxin causes what?
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opens calcium channels--> release of multiple NTs, --> excess stimulation of motor endplates
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Treatment of Black Widow bite?
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opioid analgesics, sedative-hypnotics, horse antiserum for serious bites
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Brown recluse bite looks like?
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bleb at bite site, gets progressively necrotic and develops eschar, gangrene
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Brown recluse bite treatment?
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cold compress decreases sphingomyelinase D activity
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Brown recluse venom?
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necrotic, hemolytic, contains sphingomyelinase D
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Entamoeba histolytica causes?
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dysentery, gas, slight jaundice, extraintestinal abscess, most asymptomatic, spiking fever,
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Risk factors for entamoeba histolytica?
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poor sanitation, crowding, malnutrition, corticosteroid therapy, male homosexuality, pregnancy
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What does E. histolytica do?
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colonizes cecum mucosa and invades tissue leading to dysentery
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E. histolytica trophozoites feed on?
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bacteria, human RBC and intestinal cells
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tropozite?
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motile form of protozoa
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cyst?
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shrunken, armored form of protozoa...secreted protein coat
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E. histolytica binucleated precyst?
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contain chromatid bodies (ribosomes), 2 nuclei, glycogen
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E. histolytica tetranucleated precyst?
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has 4 nuclei, not much else
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trophozoites with RBC inside means?
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active disease
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Treatment of E. histolytica?
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Metronidazole and tetracycline
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Metronidazole used to treat what microbes(6)?
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E. histolytica, G. lamblia, T. vaginalis, B. fragilis, C. difficile, G. vaginalis
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Diagnosis of E. histolytica?
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malodorous brown fluid, pain near liver
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Giardia lamblia in US?
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most common intestinal parasite in US
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populations at risk for G. lamblia?
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effects children with Ig deficiency (Brouton's), homosexuals, children in daycare
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G. lamblia trophozoite looks like?
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big eyes on back of sting ray
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G. lamblia symptoms?
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sudden, explosive, foul smelling diarrhea, N/V, gas
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G. lamblia stool?
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NO blood or mucus, but packed with fat, greasy and frothy
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G. lamblia symptoms begin how long after infection?
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1-3 weeks
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G. lamblia treatment?
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quinacrine, metronidazole, furazolidone (children)
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G. lamblia found where?
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sewage-contaminated drinking water, clear mountain streams with beavers and rodents
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G. lamblia and water?
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not killed by chlorine, can be filtered out
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Isospora belli sporozoites look like?
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bananas
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I. belli causes?
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isosporosis and coccidiosis
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Coccidiosis?
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mild, self-limiting disease with diarrhea and colic
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coccidiosis in immunodeficient patients?
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chronic diarrhea leading to severe dehydration
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Treatment of coccidiosis?
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TMP-SMX (trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole)
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Cyclospora caetanenis is?
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intestinal protozoa found in water supplies, *raspberries*
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C. caetanensis seen by what stain?
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acid-fast
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Cryptosporidium associated with what animal?
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cattle
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Cryptosporidium associated with what population?
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AIDS patients
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Symptoms of cryptosporidium in normal people?
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asymptomatic, mild self-limiting disease with transcient acute diarrhea
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Symptoms of cryptosporidium in immunocompromised people?
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explosive, profuse watery diarrhea, constant water loss (up to 17-24L per day)
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Cryptosporidium prognosis in immunocompromised patients?
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persists for rest of life, 50% of patients die within 6 mos
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Cryptosporidium treatment in immunocompromised patients?
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spiramycin, paromycin
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Stools of patients with crypto?
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infectious!
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Cryptosporidium found recently in?
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utah swimming pools, rivers
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2 organisms that cause chronic diarrhea in AIDS patients?
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cryptosporidium and Isospora
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Trichomas vaginalis transmitted how?
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sexually
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Prevalence of T. vaginalis?
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25-50% of sexually active women in US
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Why don't males get T. vaginalis?
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they do, but it's asymptomatic and hard to diagnose
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T. vaginalis found in what stage?
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trophozoite only, no tissue invasion
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T. vaginalis transmitted how?
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sharing towels, toilet seats, sexual contact, childbirth
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Persistance of T. vaginalis helped by?
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alkaline shifts in women...hormones
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Symptoms of T. vaginalis in women?
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vaginitis, foul smelling discharge, "strawberry cervix", itching, rawness, low pH
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T. vaginalis trophozoites look like?
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leaves with big dot, motile with flagella
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Plamsodium falciparum, vivax, malariae, ovale cause?
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Malaria
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infective form for humans?
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sporozoite
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infective form for mosquitos?
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gametocyte
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P. ovale and P. vivax pathology?
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stay dormant in hepatocytes for years, after some stimulus they activate and patient relapses
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P. falciparum pathology?
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infects all developmental stages of RBC
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p. ovale and P. vivax infect?
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reticulocytes (immature RBC in the bone marrow)
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P. malariae infect?
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senescent RBC (elderly bloodcells)
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Malaria that causes fever cycle every 36-48 hrs?
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P. falciparum
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Malaria that causes fever cycle every 48 hrs?
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P. vivax and ovale
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Malaria that causes fever cycle every 72 hrs?
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P. malariae
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Malaria symptoms?
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chills, fever, splenohepatomegaly, anemia, paroxysm 2-3 weeks after bite
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paroxysm?
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cold, fever, sweat cycle
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Falciparum malaria symptoms?
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same as well as coma, convulsions, cardiac failure, blackwater fever, small blood vessel blockage, necrosis, death in cerebral anoxia
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blackwater fever?
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massive intravascular hemolysis causing excretion of hemoglobin...urine is dark
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Which strain can be resistant to chloroquine?
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P. falciparum
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which strains treated with primaquine for the liver?
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P. vivax and ovale
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Malaria prevention (5)?
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take chloroquine before travel, take primaquine after returning to US, insect repellants, window screens, mosquito nets
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Toxoplasma gondii associated with?
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cats
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T. gondii enters humans by?
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ingestion/inhalation of oocysts, passage from contaminated mother to baby, eating poorly cooked meal
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T. gondii life cycle?
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oocysts rupture and release sporozoites, they invade and reproduce in macrophages.
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Tachyzoites invade what cells?
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muscle and brain
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bradyzoites?
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multiply slowly or remain dormant
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T. gondii in first 3 months of pregnancy?
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still birth, CNS dysfunction, retardation
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T. gondii in last 3 months of pregnancy?
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neurologic dysfunction, epilepsy, retardation, chorioretinitis
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T. gondii in newborns?
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lymphadenopathy
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Prevention of T. gondii infections?
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pregnant women stay away from cats and don't eat rare meat
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Treatment of T. gondii?
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sulfonamide, pyrimethamine, spiramycin...not to pregnant women
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Diagnosis of T. gondii?
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look for 4x increase of IgG and IgM
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Leading cause of death in AIDS patients?
|
Pneumocystis carinii
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P. carinii found in what patients?
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immunocompromised, premature or malnourished children
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P. carinii causes?
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diffuse pneumonia, dyspnea, tachypnea, death by asphyxiation
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P. carinii site of infection?
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lung alveolae
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Diagnosis of P. carinii?
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observe organism in sputum, silver stain
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Treatment of P. carinii?
|
TMP-SMX (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), oxygen therapy
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Symptoms of P. carinii?
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dry, painful cough, congestion and consolidation in lungs, continuous low-grade fever, respiratory distress
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2 organisms that cause Amebic encephalitis?
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Naegleria fowleri and Acanthamoeba
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N. fowleri found where?
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lakes, ponds, puddles, cyst found in mud at the bottom, warm muddy water
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N. fowleri infection causes?
|
invasion of brain through nose, causes primary amebic encephalitis
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Primary amebic encephalitis symptoms?
|
headaches, stiff neck, vomiting, fever, drowsiness, coma, death in 5-16 days
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Acanthamoeba infections caused by?
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crawling children eating soil or dust
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Treatment of Acanthamoeba?
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sulfa, gentamycin, pyramicin
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N. fowleri infections caused by?
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swimming in warm muddy water
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N. fowleri symptoms?
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bifrontal headache, N/V, bloody CSF, neutrophilia, high protein, low sugar, stiff neck
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African trypanosomes caused by?
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bite from Glossina (tsetse fly)
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African trypanosomiasis found in West Africa?
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
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African trypanosomiasis found in East Africa?
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Trypanosoma brucei rhodensiense
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infective form of African trypanosomiasis in man?
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metacyclic trypomastigote
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infective form of African trypanosomiasis in fly?
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blood trypomastigote
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Parasitemia cycle?
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different surface coats, provides antigenic variation to escape immune response
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